A Complete Guide to Relays: What They Are & How They Work

Relays are an often overlooked, but pivotal component in modern technology, serving as the silent orchestrators behind a wide range of electronic operations. Whether controlling high-power machinery or everyday devices, relays play a crucial role in transferring signals and power without direct electrical connections. They are used across a wide range of devices and applications, from industrial automation to consumer electronics, and understanding how they work is key to fully utilizing their capabilities

Essentially, electrical relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit. When a relay contact is normally open (NO), the circuit is open when the relay is not energized. Conversely, when a relay contact is normally closed (NC), the circuit is closed when the relay is not energized. Applying electrical current to the relay changes the state of these contacts, thereby controlling the connected circuit.

What Is a Relay?

A relay is an electrically controlled switch that has the ability to turn a circuit on or off. Depending on the application relays can do a number of things. Relays can be used as electrical switches to turn things on and off, or as amplifiers to convert smaller currents into larger ones. They can also be used to control a circuit with a low power signal or when multiple circuits need to be controlled by a single signal.

There are two kinds of relays, electromechanical and solid state. In this post, we will be focusing on electromechanical relays and how they work.

Why Are Relays Important?

Electrical relays are crucial because they enable the control of high-current loads using a small amount of electrical current. Relays apply voltage to the coil, which causes a low current to flow through it. This allows a larger current to pass through the contacts and control the electrical load. Relays are essential for applications where low-power control signals need to command high-power circuits.

What Are the Parts of a Relay?

Armature– is a basic metal piece that is balanced on a pivot or a stand. It is considered the moving ‘arm’ of the relay. It makes or breaks the connection with the contacts connected to it.

Spring– is connected to one end of the armature and pushes the armature back into place if no current is passing through.

Electromagnet– is a metal wire wrapped around a metal core. The wire does not have magnetic property but can be converted into a magnet with the help of an electrical signal.

Yoke– is a small metal piece affixedon a core which attracts and holds the armature when the coil is energized.

Contacts– conductive material that exists within the device whose physical contact opens or closes a circuit

A break refers to the number of locations on a circuit that a switch can make or break the flow of current. In electromechanical relays, there can be single breaks and double breaks. A single break is usually used with low power devices while a double break is usually used with high power devices.

A pole refers to the number of circuits that relays can pass through a switch. A single pole contact carries current through one circuit, while a double can carry it through two.

A throw refers to the number of separate wiring paths. For example, a triple throw switch can be connected to one of three contacts instead of one.

How Do Relays Work?

A gray relay with the relay parts labeled
Source:
https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_5.html

In an electromechanical relay, a small circuit has the ability to switch a larger circuit on or off through contacts by using an electromagnet. Some contacts come in different configurations depending on the use of the relay, namely, normally open relays and normally closed relays.

With a normally open (NO) relay, contacts are open when there is no current passing through. Once power is presented, the electromagnet will be activated. When charged, the electromagnet creates a magnetic field that attracts the armature and closes the contacts.

With a normally closed (NC) relay, contacts are closed when there is no current passing through. Unlike normally open relays, when normally closed relays become activated, the circuit will open and cause the current to stop flowing.

The flow of electrical current through a coil that causes the relay’s armature to move and close contact, completing the circuit

What Are the Different Types of Relays?

Electromechanical relays can be broken down into the following distinct categories: general purpose relays, machine control relays and reed relays.

General Purpose Relays

General purpose relays are electromechanical switches that typically function via a  magnetic coil. Using an AC or DC current, general purpose relays often run at voltages such as 12V, 24V, 48V, 120V and 230V. Additionally, they can command currents ranging from 2A-30A. These relays are sought after due to them having a multitude of switch configurations and being cost-effective.

Machine Control Relays

Like general purpose relays, machine control relays are operated by a magnetic coil. Typically used to control starters and other industrial elements, these relays are robust. While this gives them greater durability, it also means that they are less economical than general purpose relays. However, with additional accessories and functionality, they have an advantage over general purpose relays.

Reed Relays

Reed relays consist of two reeds, which can open or close when controlled by an electromagnet. These small relays can operate up to eight reed switches, which are typically found inside of the electromagnetic coil. When the magnetic force is removed, the reeds return to their initial open position. Since the reeds are only a short distance apart from each other, reed relays work rather quickly. There are many benefits of using a reed relay, as their hermetic seal prevents the passage of contaminants. Additionally, this seal enables reed relays to have dependable switching.

There are many things to consider when choosing a relay for a project. Lifespan, operating environment, mechanical loads, size, and number and type of contacts are all important factors in choosing the right relay.

What Are the Pros and Cons of Using Relays?

While electromechanical relays have a variety of uses, different applications require different automation devices, and electromechanical relays may not always be the best fit. To help you determine if an electromechanical relay will work for you, we have highlighted some of the advantages and disadvantages below.

Advantages

  • Fast operation and reset
  • More definitive ON/OFF
  • Simple and most reliable

Disadvantages

  • Suffers the effects of age
  • No directional features
  • Needs a large amount of input power to operate

What Is a Relay Used For? Relay Applications

Relays protect electrical systems by preventing and reducing the damage to the connected equipment from over currents and voltages. Relays protect a wide range of equipment by detecting and isolating faults in a power transmission and distribution system.

Since electrical relays can control a high-voltage circuit using a low-voltage signal, they can help prevent damage to valuable electronics and components, including modems, amplifiers, and even the starter in your car.

Other applications for relays include:

  • Automotive
  • Appliances
  • Lighting systems
  • Telecommunication components
  • Industrial controllers
  • Electrical power protection systems
  • Traffic control

How Do You Test a Relay?

While relays are generally dependable, they can still experience faults like any other component. Thankfully, testing a relay is a relatively straightforward process– all you need is a multimeter. Read on to learn how to identify a faulty relay step-by-step.

  1. Locate the relay: Find where the circuits enter and exit the relay. This region is typically marked by pins or terminals.
  2. Check for voltage: With the multimeter set to measure voltage, probe the point where the relay plugs into the circuit. If it does not detect any voltage, inspect the associated fuse or switch for any defects that might interrupt the power supply.
  3. Test ground connection: If voltage is present at the connection point, switch the multimeter to the continuity or resistance function and check for a good ground connection on the opposite side of the relay. A faulty ground can cause the relay to malfunction.
  4. Verify power source: After successfully checking for voltage and testing the ground connection, check the voltage where the relay connects to the battery or another power source. If the multimeter detects no voltage here, it suggests a potential issue with a fuse or circuit breaker.
  5. Test component connection: Use the multimeter’s continuity function to ensure a strong connection between the relay and the component it controls. If continuity exists and the previous steps did not reveal any other faults, it is likely a defective relay.

How Do You Identify a Faulty Relay?

Although relays are considered reliable mechanisms, they do have the capability of failing. Determining whether you have a faulty relay is simple and can be easily identified with the help of a multimeter. 

Here are a few tips on how to use your multimeter to test a relay:

  1. Remove the relay from the fuse box or vehicle.
  2. Determine where the input and output points of the circuit are located on the relay.
  3. Make sure your multimeter is set to ohm.
  4. Connect the leads of the multimeter across the entrance and exit pins to determine resistance. Ideally, you’ll see a reading between 50 to 120 ohm.
  5. If your multimeter has a reading of Open or Out of Range you may have a defective coil winding and the relay will need to be replaced.
  6. If the reading looks good, you’ll want to connect the leads in between the switch pins. You should see a reading of OL or Open.

MRO Electric and Supply has an extensive inventory of relays in stock.  Please email sales@mroelectric or call us at 800-691-8511 for a quote.

Most Popular Movie Robot in Every U.S. State

The Most Popular Movie Robot in Every U.S. State

From dystopian stories of service companion androids trying to annihilate the human race, to friendly misunderstood cyborgs, robot movies allow us to catch a glimpse of an unknown universe. What does it mean to be human? Are we replaceable?

Each film takes you on a deep dive into the best and worst parts of technology. But with the exciting journey of each robot film, which bot is most popular?

Methodology

For this study, we analyzed Google Trends search volumes over the past 12 months for “The Greatest Movie Robots of All Time” in  January 2022. At MRO Electric, our goal was to determine which androids, cyborgs, AI, and bots are America’s favorite.

The Most Popular Movie Robot in the U.S.

Are your batteries charged? Because our results are calculated! Most states were split with their decision, with varying results. However, 6 states each agree R2-D2 and The Sentinels earned the number 1 spot for most beloved bot character. 5 states chose the Tin Man, making it second place, while Robby the Robot was picked by 3. Roy Batty, The Iron Giant, the Autobots, Mechagodzilla, and WALL-E tied for fourth.

The Most Popular Movie Robot Overall

Star Wars is filled with memorable iconic characters, but Second Generation Robotic Droid Series-2, also known as R2-D2, is the most lovable bot in the U.S. According to our research, 6 states think R2-D2 is a force to reckon with: Alabama, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Utah, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. There’s just something captivating about his playful whistles, beeps, round eyes, and cylindrical body. 

Tied with R2-D2 are The Sentinels, also referred to as a “squiddy” by the Human Resistance in The Matrix. Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, North Carolina, Ohio, and South Carolina have the patrolling killing machines stuck on their minds. The terrifying patrollers of the sewers and caverns beneath the planet’s destroyed surface. Unlike R2-D2’s sweet demeanor, these giant squid-like bots tend to intimidatingly fly in swarms like insects and are set on eradicating humankind on behalf of the Machines. 

“A heart is not judged by how much you love; but by how much you are loved by others.” The Wizard of Oz’s Tin Man, despite being without a heart, has captured the hearts of D.C., Idaho, Iowa, Missouri, and Tennessee. Not only did this sensitive bot meet Dorthy second on her journey following the yellow brick road, but also earned second place. Somewhere over a rainbow, his generous and compassionate spirit is still felt by many. 

From the classic Forbidden Planet, Robby the Robot has become one of the most popular bot icons in robot movie history—and 3 states agree. Arkansas, Kentucky, and Minnesota were enchanted by his charming gentleman manners, and maybe wouldn’t mind having their own Robby the Robot. Built by Dr. Morbius, Robby must obey the Law of Robotics: a bot may not injure a human, must obey human orders, and protect its own existence. 

6 bots tied for fourth: Lt. Commander Data, Roy Batty, The Iron Giant, Autobots, Mechagodzilla, and Disney Pixar’s WALL-E. 

Closing Thoughts

As you binge watch robot movies to see these loved characters in action, we’ll take care of your automation needs. Just like the Tin Man needed a new heart, at MRO Electric, we provide quality new parts with quality repairs—you won’t be hassled by an evil witch either. As an independent automation distributor, our specialty is to provide new surplus and remanufactured products and top-notch services. We took some service tips from Robby the Robot.

Get Paid $1,000 to Watch Space Movies!

Title image for space movie marathon job posting

WINNER UPDATE

We received and enjoyed reviewing over 1,100 submissions before making a tough decision on who should take up the mantle as couch potato/space explorer extraordinaire. We are thrilled to announce that we have selected the winner of our Get Paid to Watch Space Movies job posting: Katherine Fricks!

Katherine’s inquisitive nature and passion for space travel really shone through to us and her love of all things sci-fi runs deep. She explains it best herself:

I am the daughter of an aerospace engineer who grew up learning how to say the names of the constellations and how to identify them in the night sky before I was out of diapers. When we did industry reports in fourth grade, I chose to do mine on the aerospace Industry. I learned how to build a bottle rocket launcher in fifth grade for science fair project [and] I went to space camp in California and the space academy in Alabama. I have even taught astronomy as a professor in a Harry Potter RPG forum. 

Astronomy and an admiration for space is something that has been instilled in me since I was a very young girl, particularly because my [father] was also a HUGE Trekkie. “Space, the final frontier…to explore strange new worlds. To seek out new life and new civilizations. To boldly go where no man has gone before!” became a sort of motto for which I live by.

For me, the appeal of space travel is exploration, and I remember watching the lunar landing as a little girl and thinking how amazing [it] would be to step foot on another planet. In fact, Captain Kathryn Janeway was my role model from 5th-7th grade as a strong female scientist and explorer, and those were SO rare and what draws me to Emily Calandrelli today—Emily’s Wonderlab is something I love to watch with my two sons.

I suppose were I able to go into space, I would like to assist with research on the International Space Station for a bit. I don’t know that I would want to spend months or years in space, but at least a week doing some sort of research regarding biology or astrobiology.

Good luck circling the stars from home, Katherine!

Update: Katherine zipped through the cinematic exploration of all 12 space stories and had a chance to tell us about it back here on Earth. Her analysis was deep and fascinating, cementing her as the right choice for her project. Here is what she had to say about stepping into the shoes of the main characters in The Right Stuff

The era depicted in the film is one in which astronauts and spaceflight are seen as flexes of power, where the humans riding in these capsules are seen more as tools and symbols rather than as people in a power struggle between countries. The men have to fight back against certain metaphorical manhandlings and there is immense pressure to be the perfect poster boys for the American space program. There is more concern with ‘beating the Russians’ and doing so quickly even if it means cutting a few corners. Of course, none of the men were forced to go and knew the risks associated with their particular flights and elected to go regardless, as is the case with Glenn.

I am not sure that I would be as trusting and willing in such a situation. However, Glenn’s ‘space fireflies’ (which we now know were illuminated frost flakes) was so beautifully captured in the film and seeing that view along with Earth in the background from space with its sunrises and sunsets is a sight I would very much like to see.

Summary

Think you got what it takes? Could you suit up, lock into the cockpit of a space shuttle, give your friends and family one last wave, and blast off into heavens unknown? No? Well, it’s not for everybody. At least not the everyday person. However, some of planet Earth’s ultra-rich billionaires are flaunting planet-sized wads of cash to take their shot at the stars.

Jeff Bezos and Richard Branson have now both gone to space. Even William Shatner (yes, Captain Kirk) did it. Maybe you have the stomach for it, too; maybe not. Either way, you probably won’t get the chance any time soon unless you’re a billionaire. But you can do the next best thing—and get paid for it in the process!

At MRO Electric, we’re fascinated by the automation processes and systems that make these incredible interstellar flights possible. That’s why we’re looking for someone to watch 12 space movies. And we’re offering $1,000 to the chosen applicant.

Who We’re Looking For

We’re looking for a seasoned space movie voyager willing to trade a cockpit for the couch, a space suit for pajamas, and dehydrated rations for popcorn and a Big Gulp. In addition to watching space movies, you’ll be asked to take notes and track specific details in each of the movies. 

The ideal applicant will have:

  • Overall enthusiasm for space travel
  • Love for movies, especially the science fiction genre
  • Strong attention to detail
  • The ability and availability to watch 12 movies within one month’s time

Additionally, applicants must be 18 years or older and a U.S. citizen or permanent resident to apply.

What You’ll Need to Do

We’ve narrowed down the vast galaxy of classic space movies to a list of 12 that you’ll be asked to watch over 1 month’s time.

  • 2001: A Space Odyssey
  • The Martian
  • Interstellar
  • Moon
  • Proxima
  • Passengers
  • Hidden Figures
  • Apollo 13
  • First Man
  • The Right Stuff
  • Gravity
  • October Sky

We will provide you with a worksheet to complete for each movie as you watch. All movies will need to be watched and all worksheets will need to be completed by December 23, 2021. We will incorporate your responses from the worksheet into a blog article to be published on the MRO Electric website.

How to Enter

To enter the contest, contestants MUST FOLLOW THE LINK BELOW to the entry form, where you’ll be asked to tell us why you’re the perfect person for this mission. Applicants’ level of enthusiasm for space travel, movies, and science fiction will be a strong factor for consideration, so provide what you need to demonstrate how and why you love these subjects the most.

The deadline for contest entries is Friday, November 26, 2021. Contestants will need to submit their applications by that date in order to be considered.

We will select and notify the winner by December 2, 2021.

What You’ll Get

The winner will receive a $1,000 payment upon satisfactory completion of watching all aforementioned movies and submitting notes taken throughout.

Contest Terms and Conditions

  1. The promoter of this competition is MRO Electric whose principal office is located at 1652 Old Apex Road Cary, NC 27513.
  2. Employees of MRO Electric or their family members or anyone else connected in any way with the competition or helping to set up the competition shall not be permitted to enter the competition.
  3. Persons must be at least 18 years old, or otherwise have reached the age of majority under the laws of the state where they reside, in order to participate.
  4. Only residents of the United States are eligible to participate.
  5. VOID WHERE PROHIBITED.
  6. There is NO ENTRY FEE AND NO PURCHASE NECESSARY TO ENTER THIS COMPETITION. Any purchase or consideration otherwise given by entrants will not improve one’s chances of winning.
  7. The route to entry for the competition and details of how to enter are available via www.mroelectric.com. Individuals may enter to win by clicking on the participation link on MRO Electric’s website. Upon clicking the participation link, entrants will be asked to provide their name and contact information so that MRO Electric can notify the winner of the results.
  8. The closing date for entry will be November 26, 2021. After this date, no further entries to the competition will be permitted.
  9. Only one winner will be selected from the entire pool of eligible entries. The selection process will be at the discretion of MRO Electric. The winner will be required to complete certain tasks designated by MRO Electric. If the winner does not follow through with the tasks required of them, they will not receive the prize of $1,000.
  10. The winner will be notified by email and/or letter within 15 business days of the closing date. If the winner cannot be contacted or does not claim the prize within 2 days of notification, we reserve the right to withdraw the prize from the winner and pick a replacement winner.
  11. MRO Electric will notify the winner when and where the prize can be collected.
  12. The winner agrees to the use of his/her name, image, and video in any publicity material. Any personal data relating to the winner or any other entrants will be used solely in accordance with current federal and state data protection legislation and will not be disclosed to a third party without the entrant’s prior consent.
  13. The winner’s name will be available 28 days after the closing date by sending a stamped addressed envelope to the following address:
    • 1652 Old Apex Road Cary, NC 27513
  14. MRO Electric’s decision in respect of all matters to do with the competition will be final and no correspondence will be entered into.

Testing Your Fanuc Servo Motor

Here are some basic tips on how to test a FANUC servo motor with meter or megohm meter. This procedure will show you how to troubleshoot the servo motor for shorts in windings, cables, or opens. Before starting to test, make sure to turn off all the power sources to the machine and then disconnect the 3-phase motor lines from the drive end. Visually confirm that there are no problems with the cable and then begin testing the servo motor.

How to test your servo motor for a short to ground:

Using an Ohm meter:

  • Disconnect all power and amplifiers from machine. Check all three wires at T1, T2, and T3 (all three phases) to the ground wire. The readings for this should be infinite, and if it is zero or reads any continuity then there is a problem with the motor or the cable. For this disconnect the cable and check each separately. Be sure to make sure leads on both ends are not touching anything, including the other leads. Most servo motor shorts can be ready with a regular quality  meter going to at least 10 megaohms.

Using a Megohm meter:

  • Disconnect all power from machine. Check all three wires at T1, T2, and T3 (all three phases) to the ground wire. Reading should be between 600-2000 Megohms. Most shorts will be below 20 Megohms. Be careful not to touch the leads or the wires to anything when taking the reading because it can give a false reading. There should be about 1000 Ohms of resistance for each volt of incoming power, but this is not a standard rule. If it is 230meg to 600meg there may be deterioration in the cable.

How to test a servo motor for open or short in the windings:

Using an Ohm meter:

  • Disconnect all power from the machine. Put meter on ohms and test T1 to T2, T2 to T3, and T1 to T3. The range should be between 0.3 and 2.0 ohms, with most being at about 0.8 ohms. If it is zero there is a short between the two phases. If it is an open the reading will be infinite or well above 2,000 ohms.

Cable and plug notes:

  • Often times the connector on the cable to the motor will get coolant in it. You can dry it out an retest, if it is still bad the inserts will get burn marks in them and cause a slight short, so they need to be replaced. If it is a DC motor, check the brushes. There should be 3-4 round caps to remove around the motor. Under these there is a spring with a square block (brush). Check to see how much is left, they may need to be replaced.

 

MRO Electric has a large stock of FANUC servo motors available. If you would like a replacement or spare, or if you have any questions, please call 800-691-8511 or email sales@mroelectric.com. To check out other posts, please visit our blog page. 

FANUC Controls Alarms

Common FANUC CNC Alarms List

This FANUC alarm code list should help you properly diagnose your CNC error message.

What is a FANUC Alarm Code?

A FANUC alarm code, also called a FANUC fault or error code, is how a CNC control indicates there is a problem. This error message could indicate issues with either the machine itself, be that electric or mechanical. The FANUC error code might also indicate an issue with the g-code program. 

How to Diagnose Your FANUC Alarm Code

Use the list below to interpret what exactly the fault code is trying to communicate. If you require a replacement part, know that MRO Electric stocks thousands of FANUC CNC replacements. Get your new FANUC servo amplifier or check out our FANUC servo motors. To order a replacement part or a repair job, please call 800-691-8511 or email sales@mroelectric.com. Curious about other common FANUC CNC problems? Check out our FAQ here.

These FANUC Alarms are valid for following FANUC Controls:

• 0i Model A
• 0i/0iMate Model B
• 16/18 Model PB
• 16/18 Model C
• 16i/18i Model A
• 16i/18i Model B
• 16iL Model A
• 20i
• 21 Model B
• 21i Model A
• 21i Model B
• 21i Model A

Alarm Description
0 PLEASE TURN OFF POWER A parameter which requires the power off was input, turn off power.
1 TH PARITY ALARM TH alarm (A character with incorrect parity was input). Correct the tape.
2 TV PARITY ALARM TV alarm (The number of characters in a block is odd). This alarm will be generated only when the TV check is effective.
3 TOO MANY DIGITS Data exceeding the maximum allowable number of digits was input. (Refer to the item of max. programmable dimensions.)
4 ADDRESS NOT FOUND A numeral or the sign “ – ” was input without an address at the beginning of a block. Modify the program.
5 NO DATA AFTER ADDRESS The address was not followed by the appropriate data but was followed by another address or EOB code. Modify the program.
6 ILLEGAL USE OF NEGATIVE SIGN Sign “ – ” input error (Sign “ – ” was input after an address with which it cannot be used. Or two or more “ – ” signs were input.) Modify the program.
7 ILLEGAL USE OF DECIMAL POINT Decimal point “.” input error (A decimal point was input after an address with which it can not be used. Or two decimal points were input.) Modify the program.
9 ILLEGAL ADDRESS INPUT Unusable character was input in significant area. Modify the program.
10 IMPROPER G–CODE An unusable G code or G code corresponding to the function not provided is specified. Modify the program.
11 NO FEEDRATE COMMANDED Feedrate was not commanded to a cutting feed or the feedrate was inadequate. Modify the program.
14 CAN NOT COMMAND G95 (M Series) A synchronous feed is specified without the option for threading / synchronous feed.
14 ILLEGAL LEAD COMMAND (T Series) In variable lead threading, the lead incremental and decremental outputted by address K exceed the maximum command value or a command such that the lead becomes a negative value is given. Modify the program.
15 TOO MANY AXES COMMANDED M Series;An attempt was made to move the machine along the axes, but the number of the axes exceeded the specified number of axes controlled simultaneously. Modify the program.
20 OVER TOLERANCE OF RADIUS In circular interpolation (G02 or G03), difference of the distance between the start point and the center of an arc and that between the end point and the center of the arc exceeded the value specified in parameter No. 3410.
21 ILLEGAL PLANE AXIS COMMANDED An axis not included in the selected plane (by using G17, G18, G19) was commanded in circular interpolation. Modify the program.
22 NO CIRCULAR RADIUS When circular interpolation is specified, neither R (specifying an arc radius), nor I, J, and K (specifying the distance from a start point to the center) is specified.
23 ILLEGAL RADIUS COMMAND (T series) In circular interpolation by radius designation, negative value was commanded for address R. Modify the program.
25 CANNOT COMMAND F0 IN G02/G03 F0 (fast feed) was instructed by F1 –digit column feed in circular interpolation. Modify the program.
27 NO AXES COMMANDED IN G43/G44 No axis is specified in G43 and G44 blocks for the tool length offset type C. Offset is not canceled but another axis is offset for the tool length offset type C. Modify the program.
28 ILLEGAL PLANE SELECT In the plane selection command, two or more axes in the same direction are commanded. Modify the program.
29 ILLEGAL OFFSET VALUE M Series;The offset values specified by H code is too large. Modify the program.
30 ILLEGAL OFFSET NUMBER M Series;The offset values specified by D/H code for tool length offset, cutter compensation or 3–dimensional cutter compensation is too large. Otherwise, the number specified by P code for the additional workpiece coordinate system is too large. Modify the program.
31 ILLEGAL P COMMAND IN G10 In setting an offset amount by G10, the offset number following address P was excessive or it was not specified. Modify the program.
32 ILLEGAL OFFSET VALUE IN G10 In setting an offset amount by G10 or in writing an offset amount by system variables, the offset amount was excessive.
33 NO SOLUTION AT CRC M Series: A point of intersection cannot be determined for cutter compensation C. Modify the program. T Series: A point of intersection cannot be determined for tool nose radius compensation. Modify the program.
34 NO CIRC ALLOWED IN ST–UP /EXT BLK M Series;The start up or cancel was going to be performed in the G02 or G03 mode in cutter compensation C. Modify the program.
35 CAN NOT COMMANDED G39 (M Series) G39 is commanded in cutter compensation B cancel mode or on the plane other than offset plane. Modify the program.
35 CAN NOT COMMANDED G31 T series;Skip cutting (G31) was specified in tool nose radius compensation mode. Modify the program.
36 CAN NOT COMMANDED G31 Skip cutting (G31) was specified in cutter compensation mode.Modify the program.
37 CAN NOT CHANGE PLANE IN CRC M seires;G40 is commanded on the plane other than offset plane in cutter compensation B. The plane selected by using G17, G18 or G19 is changed in cutter compensation C mode. Modify the program.
38 INTERFERENCE IN CIRCULAR BLOCK Overcutting will occur in tool radius/tool nose radius/cutter compensation because the arc start point or end point coincides with the arc center. Modify the program.
39 CHF/CNR NOT ALLOWED IN NRC Chamfering or corner R was specified with a start–up, a cancel, or switching between G41 and G42 in tool nose radius compensation. The program may cause overcutting to occur in chamfering or corner R. Modify the program.
40 INTERFERENCE IN G90/G94 BLOCK Overcutting will occur in tool nose radius compensation in canned cycle G90 or G94. Modify the program.
41 INTERFERENCE IN CRC M seires;Overcutting will occur in cutter compensation C. Two or more blocks are consecutively specified in which functions such as the auxiliary function and dwell functions are performed without movement in the cutter compensation mode. Modify the program.
42 G45/G48 NOT ALLOWED IN CRC Tool offset (G45 to G48) is commanded in cutter compensation. Modify the program.
44 G27–G30 NOT ALLOWED IN FIXED CYC One of G27 to G30 is commanded in canned cycle mode.Modify the program.
45 ADDRESS Q NOT FOUND(G73/G83) In canned cycle G73/G83, the depth of each cut (Q) is not specified. Alternatively,Q0 is specified. Correct the program.
46 ILLEGAL REFERENCE RETURN COMMAND Other than P2, P3 and P4 are commanded for 2nd, 3rd and 4th reference position return command.
47 ILLEGAL AXIS SELECT Two or more parallel axes (in parallel with a basic axis) have been specified upon start–up of three–dimensional tool compensation or three–dimensional coordinate conversion.
48 BASIC 3 AXIS NOT FOUND For startup of three–dimensional tool compensation or three–dimensional coordinate conversion, the three basic axes used when Xp,Yp and Zp are omitted were not specified in parameter No. 1022.
49 ILLEGAL OPERATION (G68/G69) The commands for three–dimensional coordinate conversion (G68,G69) and tool length compensation (G43, G44, G45) are not nested.Modify the program.
50 CHF/CNR NOT ALLOWED IN THRD BLK Chamfering or corner R is commanded in the thread cutting block. Modify the program.
51 MISSING MOVE AFTER CHF/CNR T series;Improper movement or the move distance was specified in the block next to the chamfering or corner R block.Modify the program.
52 CODE IS NOT G01 AFTER CHF/CNR The block next to the chamfering or corner R block is not G01, G02,or G03.Modify the program.
53 TOO MANY ADDRESS COMMANDS M series;For systems without the arbitary angle chamfering or corner R cutting, a comma was specified. For systems with this feature, a comma was followed by something other than R or C Correct the program.
54 NO TAPER ALLOWED AFTER CHF/CNR T series;A block in which chamfering in the specified angle or the corner R was specified includes a taper command. Modify the program.
55 MISSING MOVE VALUE IN CHF/CNR In chamfering or corner R block, the move distance is less than chamfer or corner R amount. Modify the program.
56 NO END POINT & ANGLE IN CHF/CNR T series;Neither the end point nor angle is specified in the command for the block next to that for which only the angle is specified (A). In the chamfering comman, I(K) is commanded for the X(Z) axis.
57 NO SOLUTION OF BLOCK END Block end point is not calculated correctly in direct dimension drawing programming. Modify the program.
58 END POINT NOT FOUND In a arbitrary angle chamfering or corner R cutting block, a specified axis is not in the selected plane. Correct the program.
59 PROGRAM NUMBER NOT FOUND In an external program number search, a specified program number was not found. Otherwise, a program specified for searching is being edited in background processing. Alternatively, the program with the program number specified in a one–touch macro call is not found in memory. Check the program number and external signal. Or discontinue the background editing.
60 SEQUENCE NUMBER NOT FOUND Commanded sequence number was not found in the sequence number search.Check the sequence number.
61 ADDRESS P/Q NOT FOUND IN G70–G73 T series;Address P or Q is not specified in G70, G71, G72, or G73 command. Modify the program.
62 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN G71–G76 T series;1. The depth of cut in G71 or G72 is zero or negative value.;2. The repetitive count in G73 is zero or negative value.;3. the negative value is specified to Δi or Δk is zero in G74 or G75.;4. A value other than zero is specified to address U or W though Δi or Δk is zero in G74 or G75.;5. A negative value is specified to Δd, though the relief direction in G74 or G75 is determined.;6. Zero or a negative value is specified to the height of thread or depth of cut of first time in G76.;7. The specified minimum depth of cut in G76 is greater than the height of thread.;8. An unusable angle of tool tip is specified in G76.;Modify the program.
63 SEQUENCE NUMBER NOT FOUND T series;The sequence number specified by address P in G70, G71, G72, or G73 command cannot be searched. Modify the program.
64 SHAPE PROGRAM NOT MONOTONOUSLY T series;A target shape which cannot be made by monotonic machining was specified in a repetitive canned cycle (G71 or G72).
65 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN G71–G73 T series;1. G00 or G01 is not commanded at the block with the sequence number which is specified by address P in G71, G72, or G73 command.;2. Address Z(W) or X(U) was commanded in the block with a sequence number which is specified by address P in G71 or G72, respectively. Modify the program.
66 IMPROPER G–CODE IN G71–G73 T series;An unallowable G code was commanded beween two blocks specified by address P in G71, G72, or G73. Modify the program.
67 CAN NOT ERROR IN MDI MODE T series;G70, G71, G72, or G73 command with address P and Q. Modify the program.
69 FORMAT ERROR IN G70–G73 T series;The final move command in the blocks specified by P and Q of G70, G71, G72, and G73 ended with chamfering or corner R. Modify the program.
70 NO PROGRAM SPACE IN MEMORY The memory area is insufficient.Delete any unnecessary programs, then retry.
71 DATA NOT FOUND The address to be searched was not found.Or the program with specified program number was not found in program number search.Check the data.
72 TOO MANY PROGRAMS The number of programs to be stored exceeded 63 (basic), 125 (option),200 (option), or 400 (option) or 1000 (option). Delete unnecessary programs and execute program registeration again.
73 PROGRAM NUMBER ALREADY IN USE The commanded program number has already been used. Change the program number or delete unnecessary programs and execute program registeration again.
74 ILLEGAL PROGRAM NUMBER The program number is other than 1 to 9999.Modify the program number.
75 PROTECT An attempt was made to register a program whose number was protected.
76 ADDRESS P NOT DEFINED Address P (program number) was not commanded in the block which includes an M98, G65, or G66 command. Modify the program.
77 SUB PROGRAM NESTING ERROR The subprogram was called in five folds. Modify the program.
78 NUMBER NOT FOUND A program number or a sequence number which was specified by address P in the block which includes an M98, M99, M65 or G66 was not found.The sequence number specified by a GOTO statement was not found. Otherwise, a called program is being edited in background processing.Correct the program, or discontinue the background editing.
79 PROGRAM VERIFY ERROR In memory or program collation,a program in memory does not agree with that read from an external I/O device. Check both the programs in memory and those from the external device.
80 G37 ARRIVAL SIGNAL NOT ASSERTED M series;In the automatic tool length measurement function (G37), the measurement position reach signal (XAE, YAE,or ZAE) is not turned on within an area specified in parameter 6254 (value ε).This is due to a setting or operator error.
81 OFFSET NUMBER NOT FOUND IN G37 M series;Tool length automatic measurement (G37) was specified without a H code.(Automatic tool length measurement function) Modify the program.
82 H–CODE NOT ALLOWED IN G37 M series;H code and automatic tool compensation (G37) were specified in the same block. (Automatic tool length measurement function) Modify the program.
82 T–CODE NOT ALLOWED IN G37 T series;T code and automatic tool compensation (G36, G37) were specified in the same block. (Automatic tool compensation function) Modify the program.
83 ILLEGAL AXIS COMMAND IN G37 M series;In automatic tool length measurement, an invalid axis was specified or the command is incremental.Modify the program.
85 COMMUNICATION ERROR When entering data in the memory by using Reader / Puncher interface,an overrun, parity or framing error was generated. The number of bits of input data or setting of baud rate or specification No. of I/O unit is incorrect.
86 DR SIGNAL OFF When entering data in the memory by using Reader / Puncher interface,the ready signal (DR) of reader / puncher was off.Power supply of I/O unit is off or cable is not connected or a P.C.B. is defective.
87 BUFFER OVERFLOW When entering data in the memory by using Reader / Puncher interface,though the read terminate command is specified, input is not interrupted after 10 characters read. I/O unit or P.C.B. is defective.
88 LAN FILE TRANS ERROR (CHANNEL–1) File data transfer over the OSI–Ethernet was terminated as a result of a transfer error.
89 LAN FILE TRANS ERROR (CHANNEL–2) File data transfer over the OSI–Ethernet was terminated as a result of a transfer error.
90 REFERENCE RETURN INCOMPLETE 21 Model B;The reference position return cannot be performed normally because the reference position return start point is too close to the reference position or the speed is too slow. Separate the start point far enough from the reference position, or specify a sufficiently fast speed for reference position return. Check the program contents.
91 REFERENCE RETURN INCOMPLETE In the automatic operation halt state, manual reference position return cannot be performed.
92 AXES NOT ON THE REFERENCE POINT The commanded axis by G27 (Reference position return check) did not return to the reference position.
94 P TYPE NOT ALLOWED (COORD CHG) P type cannot be specified when the program is restarted. (After the automatic operation was interrupted, the coordinate system setting operation was performed.) Perform the correct operation according to the operator’s manual.
95 P TYPE NOT ALLOWED (EXT OFS CHG) P type cannot be specified when the program is restarted.(After the automatic operation was interrupted, the external workpiece offset amount changed.) Perform the correct operation according to the User’s manual.
96 P TYPE NOT ALLOWED (WRK OFS CHG) P type cannot be specified when the program is restarted.(After the automatic operation was interrupted, the workpiece offset amount changed.) Perform the correct operation according to the User’s manual.
97 P TYPE NOT ALLOWED (AUTO EXEC) P type cannot be directed when the program is restarted.(After power ON, after emergency stop or P/S alarm 94 to 97 were reset, no automatic operation is performed).Perform automatic operation.
98 G28 FOUND IN SEQUENCE RETURN A command of the program restart was specified without the reference position return operation after power ON or emergency stop, and G28 was found during search. Perform the reference position return.
99 MDI EXEC NOT ALLOWED AFT.SEARCH After completion of search in program restart, a move command is given with MDI. Move axis before a move command or don’t interrupt MDI operation.
100 PARAMETER WRITE ENABLE On the PARAMETER(SETTING) screen, PWE(parameter writing enabled) is set to 1. Set it to 0, then reset the system.
101 PLEASE CLEAR MEMORY The power turned off while rewriting the memory by program edit operation.If this alarm has occurred, press (RESET) while pressing (PROG),and only the program being edited will be deleted.Register the deleted program.
109 FORMAT ERROR IN G08 A value other than 0 or 1 was specified after P in the G08 code, or no value was specified.
110 DATA OVERFLOW The absolute value of fixed decimal point display data exceeds the allowable range. Modify the program.
111 CALCULATED DATA OVERFLOW The result of calculation turns out to be invalid, an alarm No.111 is issued. –10 47 to –10 –29, 0, 10 –29 to 10 47 Modify the program.
112 DIVIDED BY ZERO Division by zero was specified.(including tan 90°) Modify the program.
113 IMPROPER COMMAND A function which cannot be used in custom macro is commanded. Modify the program.
114 FORMAT ERROR IN MACRO There is an error in other formats than (Formula). Modify the program.
115 ILLEGAL VARIABLE NUMBER A value not defined as a variable number is designated in the custom macro. Modify the program.
116 WRITE PROTECTED VARIABLE The left side of substitution statement is a variable whose substitution is inhibited. Modify the program.
118 PARENTHESIS NESTING ERROR The nesting of bracket exceeds the upper limit (quintuple). Modify the program.
119 ILLEGAL ARGUMENT The SQRT argument is negative, BCD argument is negative, or other values than 0 to 9 are present on each line of BIN argument. Modify the program.
122 FOUR FOLD MACRO MODAL–CALL The macro modal call is specified four fold. Modify the program.
123 CAN NOT USE MACRO COMMAND IN DNC Macro control command is used during DNC operation. Modify the program.
124 MISSING END STATEMENT DO – END does not correspond to 1: 1. Modify the program.
125 FORMAT ERROR IN MACRO (Formula) format is erroneous. Modify the program.
126 ILLEGAL LOOP NUMBER In DOn, 1 = n = 3 is not established. Modify the program.
127 NC, MACRO STATEMENT IN SAME BLOCK NC and custom macro commands coexist. Modify the program.
128 ILLEGAL MACRO SEQUENCE NUMBER The sequence number specified in the branch command was not 0 to 9999. Or, it cannot be searched.Modify the program.
129 ILLEGAL ARGUMENT ADDRESS An address which is not allowed in (Argument Designation) is used.Modify the program.
130 ILLEGAL AXIS OPERATION An axis control command was given by PMC to an axis controlled by CNC.Or an axis control command was given by CNC to an axis controlled by PMC. Modify the program.
131 TOO MANY EXTERNAL ALARM MESSAGES Five or more alarms have generated in external alarm message.Consult the PMC ladder diagram to find the cause.
132 ALARM NUMBER NOT FOUND No alarm No.concerned exists in external alarm message clear.Check the PMC ladder diagram.
133 ILLEGAL DATA IN EXT. ALARM MSG Small section data is erroneous in external alarm message or external operator message. Check the PMC ladder diagram.
135 ILLEGAL ANGLE COMMAND M series;The index table indexing positioning angle was instructed in other than an integral multiple of the value of the minimum angle. Modify the program.
135 SPINDLE ORIENTATION PLEASE T series;Without any spindle orientation, an attept was made for spindle indexing. Perform spindle orientation.
136 ILLEGAL AXIS COMMAND M series;In index table indexing.Another control axis was instructed together with the B axis. Modify the program.
136 C/H–CODE & MOVE CMD IN SAME BLK. T series;A move command of other axes was specified to the same block as spindle indexing addresses C, H. Modify the program.
137 M–CODE & MOVE CMD IN SAME BLK. A move command of other axes was specified to the same block as M–code related to spindle indexing. Modify the program.
138 SUPERIMPOSED DATA OVERFLOW The total distribution amount of the CNC and PMC is too large during superimposed control of the extended functions for PMC axis control.
139 CAN NOT CHANGE PMC CONTROL AXIS An axis is selected in commanding by PMC axis control. Modify the program.
141 CAN NOT COMMAND G51 IN CRC M series;G51 (Scaling ON) is commanded in the tool offset mode. Modify the program.
142 ILLEGAL SCALE RATE M series;Scaling magnification is commanded in other than 1 to 999999. Correct the scaling magnification setting (G51 Pp………………… or parameter 5411 or 5421).
143 SCALED MOTION DATA OVERFLOW M series;The scaling results, move distance, coordinate value and circular radius exceed the maximum command value. Correct the program or scaling mangification.
144 ILLEGAL PLANE SELECTED M series;The coordinate rotation plane and arc or cutter compensation C plane must be the same. Modify the program.
145 ILLEGAL CONDITIONS IN POLAR COORDINATE INTERPOLATION The conditions are incorrect when the polar coordinate interpolation starts or it is canceled.;1) In modes other than G40, G12.1/G13.1 was specified.;2) An error is found in the plane selection. Parameters No. 5460 and No. 5461 are incorrectly specified.;Modify the value of program or parameter.
146 IMPROPER G CODE G codes which cannot be specified in the polar coordinate interpolation mode was specified. See section II to 4.4 and modify the program.
148 ILLEGAL SETTING DATA M series;Automatic corner override deceleration rate is out of the settable range of judgement angle. Modify the parameters (No.1710 to No.1714)
149 FORMAT ERROR IN G10L3 M series;A code other than Q1,Q2,P1 or P2 was specified as the life count type in the extended tool life management.
150 ILLEGAL TOOL GROUP NUMBER Tool Group No. exceeds the maximum allowable value. Modify the program.
151 TOOL GROUP NUMBER NOT FOUND The tool group commanded in the machining program is not set. Modify the value of program or parameter.
152 NO SPACE FOR TOOL ENTRY The number of tools within one group exceeds the maximum value registerable. Modify the number of tools.
153 T–CODE NOT FOUND In tool life data registration, a T code was not specified where one should be. Correct the program.
154 NOT USING TOOL IN LIFE GROUP M series;When the group is not commanded, H99 or D99 was commanded. Correct the program.
155 ILLEGAL T–CODE IN M06 M series;In the machining program, M06 and T code in the same block do not correspond to the group in use. Correct the program.
156 P/L COMMAND NOT FOUND P and L commands are missing at the head of program in which the tool group is set. Correct the program.
157 TOO MANY TOOL GROUPS The number of tool groups to be set exceeds the maximum allowable value. (See parameter No. 6800 bit 0 and 1) Modify the program.
158 ILLEGAL TOOL LIFE DATA The tool life to be set is too excessive. Modify the setting value.
159 TOOL DATA SETTING INCOMPLETE During executing a life data setting program, power was turned off. Set again.
163 COMMAND G68/G69 INDEPENDENTLY G68 and G69 are not independently commanded in balance cut. Modify the program.
175 ILLEGAL G107 COMMAND Conditions when performing circular interpolation start or cancel not correct. To change the mode to the cylindrical interpolation mode, specify the command in a format of “G07.1 rotation to axis name radius of cylinder.”
176 IMPROPER G–CODE IN G107 M series;Any of the following G codes which cannot be specified in the cylindrical interpolation mode was specified.;1) G codes for positioning: G28,, G73, G74, G76, G81 – G89, including the codes specifying the rapid traverse cycle;2) G codes for setting a coordinate system: G52,G92;3) G code for selecting coordinate system: G53 G54–G59 Modify the program.
177 CHECK SUM ERROR (G05 MODE) Check sum error Modify the program.
178 G05 COMMANDED IN G41/G42 MODE G05 was commanded in the G41/G42 mode. Correct the program.
179 PARAM. (NO. 7510) SETTING ERROR The number of controlled axes set by the parameter 7510 exceeds the maximum number. Modify the parameter setting value.
180 COMMUNICATION ERROR (REMOTE BUF) Remote buffer connection alarm has generated. Confirm the number of cables, parameters and I/O device.
181 FORMAT ERROR IN G81 BLOCK G81 block format error (hobbing machine);1) T (number of teeth) has not been instructed.;2) Data outside the command range was instructed by either T, L, Q or P.;3) An overflow occurred in synchronization coefficient calculation. Modify the program.
182 G81 NOT COMMANDED G83 (C axis servo lag quantity offset) was instructed though synchronization by G81 has not been instructed. Correct the program. (hobbing machine)
183 DUPLICATE G83 (COMMANDS) G83 was instructed before canceled by G82 after compensating for the C axis servo lag quantity by G83. (hobbing machine)
184 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN G81 A command not to be instructed during synchronization by G81 was instructed. (hobbing machine);1) A C axis command by G00, G27, G28, G29, G30, etc. was instructed.;2) Inch/Metric switching by G20, G21 was instructed.
185 RETURN TO REFERENCE POINT G81 was instructed without performing reference position return after power on or emergency stop. (hobbing machine) Perform reference position return.
186 PARAMETER SETTING ERROR Parameter error regarding G81 (hobbing machine);1) The C axis has not been set to be a rotary axis.;2) A hob axis and position coder gear ratio setting error Modify the parameter.
187 HOB COMMAND IS NOT ALLOWED Error in the modal state when G81.4 or G81 is specified;1. The canned cycle mode (G81 to G89) is set.;2. The thread cutting mode is set.;3. The C–axis is under synchronous, composite, or superimposed control.
190 ILLEGAL AXIS SELECT M series;In the constant surface speed control, the axis specification is wrong. (See parameter No. 3770.) The specified axis command (P) contains an illegal value. Correct the program.
194 SPINDLE COMMAND IN SYNCHRO–MODE A contour control mode, spindle positioning (Cs–axis control) mode, or rigid tapping mode was specified during the serial spindle synchronous control mode. Correct the program so that the serial spindle synchronous control mode is released in advance.
195 MODE CHANGE ERROR Switching command to contouring mode, Cs axis control or rigid tap mode or switching to spindle command mode is not correctly completed. (This occurs when the response to switch to the spindle control unit side with regard to the switching command from the NC is incorrect. This alarm is not for the purposes of warning against mistakes in operation, but because continuing operation in this condition can be dangerous it is a P/S alarm.)
197 C–AXIS COMMANDED IN SPINDLE MODE The program specified a movement along the Cs–axis when the signal CON(DGN=G027#7) was off. Correct the program, or consult the PMC ladder diagram to find the reason the signal is not turned on.
199 MACRO WORD UNDEFINED Undefined macro word was used. Modify the custom macro.
200 ILLEGAL S CODE COMMAND In the rigid tap, an S value is out of the range or is not specified. Modify the program.
201 FEEDRATE NOT FOUND IN RIGID TAP In the rigid tap, no F value is specified. Correct the program.
202 POSITION LSI OVERFLOW In the rigid tap, spindle distribution value is too large. (System error)
203 PROGRAM MISS AT RIGID TAPPING In the rigid tap, position for a rigid M code (M29) or an S command is incorrect. Modify the program.
204 ILLEGAL AXIS OPERATION In the rigid tap, an axis movement is specified between the rigid M code (M29) block and G84 or G74 for M series (G84 or G88 for T series) block. Modify the program.
205 RIGID MODE DI SIGNAL OFF Rigid mode DI signal is not ON when G84 or G74 for M series (G84 or G88 for T series) is executed though the rigid M code (M29) is specified. Consult the PMC ladder diagram to find the reason the DI signal (DGNG061.1) is not turned on.
206 CAN NOT CHANGE PLANE (RIGID TAP) M series;Plane changeover was instructed in the rigid mode. Correct the program.
207 RIGID DATA MISMATCH The specified distance was too short or too long in rigid tapping.
210 CAN NOT COMAND M198/M199 M198 and M199 are executed in the schedule operation. M198 is executed in the DNC operation. Modify the program.;1) The execution of an M198 or M99 command was attempted during scheduled operation. Alternatively, the execution of an M198 command was attempted during DNC operation. Correct the program.;2) The execution of an M99 command was attempted by an interrupt macro during pocket machining in a multiple repetitive canned cycle.
211 G31 (HIGH) NOT ALLOWED IN G99 G31 is commanded in the per revolution command when the high– speed skip option is provided. Modify the program.
212 ILLEGAL PLANE SELECT M series;The arbitrary angle chamfering or a corner R is commanded or the plane including an additional axis. Correct the program.
213 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN SYNCHRO–MODE Movement is commanded for the axis to be synchronously controlled. Any of the following alarms occurred in the operation with the simple synchronization control.;1) The program issued the move command to the slave axis.;2) The program issued the manual continuous feed/manual handle feed/incremental feed command to the slave axis.;3) The program issued the automatic reference position return command without specifying the manual reference position return after the power was turned on.;4) The difference between the position error amount of the master and slave axes exceeded the value specified in parameter NO.8313.
214 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN SYNCHRO–MODE Coordinate system is set or tool compensation of the shift type is executed in the synchronous control. Correct the program.
217 DUPLICATE G51.2 (COMMANDS) T series;G51.2/G251 is further commanded in the G51.2/G251 mode. Modify the program.
218 NOT FOUND P/Q COMMAND IN G251 (T series) T series;P or Q is not commanded in the G251 block, or the command value is out of the range. Modify the program.
219 COMMAND G250/G251 INDEPENDENTLY T series;G251 and G250 are not independent blocks.
220 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN SYNCHR–MODE T series;In the synchronous operation, movement is commanded by the NC program or PMC axis control interface for the synchronous axis.
221 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN SYNCHR–MODE T series;Polygon machining synchronous operation and axis control or balance cutting are executed at a time. Modify the program.
222 DNC OP. NOT ALLOWED IN BG.–EDIT M series;Input and output are executed at a time in the background edition. Execute a correct operation.
224 RETURN TO REFERENCE POINT M series;Reference position return has not been performed before the automatic operation starts. Perform reference position return only when bit 0 of parameter 1005 is 0.
225 SYNCHRONOUS/MIXED CONTROL ERROR T series (At two–path);This alarm is generated in the following circumstances. (Searched for during synchronous and mixed control command.;1 When there is a mistake in axis number parameter (No. 1023) setting.;2 When there is a mistake in control commanded. During hobbing synchronization, a command to bring the C–axis under synchronous, composite, or superimposed control is made. Modify the program or the parameter.
226 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN SYNCHRO– MODE T series (At two–path);A travel command has been sent to the axis being synchronized in synchronous mode. Modify the program or the parameter.
229 CAN NOT KEEP SYNCHRO–STATE T series;This alarm is generated in the following circumstances.;1 When the synchro/mixed state could not be kept due to system overload.;2 The above condition occurred in CMC devices (hardware) and synchro– state could not be kept.;(This alarm is not generated in normal use conditions.)
230 R CODE NOT FOUND The infeed quantity R has not been instructed for the G161 block. Or the R command value is negative. Correct the program.
231 ILLEGAL FORMAT IN G10 OR L50 Any of the following errors occurred in the specified format at the programmable– parameter input.;1 Address N or R was not entered.;2 A number not specified for a parameter was entered.;3 The axis number was too large.;4 An axis number was not specified in the axis–type parameter.;5 An axis number was specified in the parameter which is not an axis type. Correct the program.;6 An attempt was made to reset bit 4 of parameter 3202 (NE9) or change parameter 3210 (PSSWD) when they are protected by a password.;Correct the program.
233 DEVICE BUSY When an attempt was made to use a unit such as that connected via the RS–232–C interface, other users were using it.
239 BP/S ALARM While punching was being performed with the function for controlling external I/O units,background editing was performed.
240 BP/S ALARM Background editing was performed during MDI operation
244 P/S ALARM T series;In the skip function activated by the torque limit signal, the number of accumulated erroneous pulses exceed 32767 before the signal was input. Therefore, the pulses cannot be corrected with one distribution. Change the conditions, such as feed rates along axes and torque limit, and try again.
245 T–CODE NOT ALOWEE IN THIS BLOCK T series;One of the G codes, G50, G10, and G04, which cannot be specified in the same block as a T code, was specified with a T code.
251 ATC ERROR This alarm is issued in the following cases;– An M06T_ command contains an unusable T code.;– An M06 command has been specified when the Z machine coordi nate is positive.;– The parameter for the current tool number (No. 7810) is set to 0.;– An M06 command has been specified in canned cycle mode.;– A reference position return command (G27 to G44) and M06 command have been specified in the same block.;– An M06 command has been specified in tool compensation mode (G41 to G44).;– An M06 command has been specified without performing reference position return after power–on or the release of emergency stop.;– The machine lock signal or Z–axis ignore signal has been turned on during tool exchange.;– A pry alarm has been detected during tool exchange. Refer to diagnosis No. 530 to determine the cause. (Only for ROBODRILL)
252 ATC SPINDLE ALARM An excessive error arose during spindle positioning for ATC. For details, refer to diagnosis No. 531. (Only for ROBODRILL)
253 G05 IS NOT AVAILABLE M series;Alarm details Binary input operation using high–speed remote buffer (G05) or high– speed cycle machining (G05) has been specified in advance control mode (G08P1). Execute G08P0, to cancel advance control mode, before executing these G05 commands.
4500 REPOSITIONING INHIBITED A repositioning command was specified in the circular interpolation (G02, G03) mode.
4502 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN BOLT HOLE In a bolt hole circle (G26) command, the radius (I) was set to zero or a negative value, or the number of holes (K) was set to zero. Alternatively, I, J, or K was not specified.
4503 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN LINE AT ANGLE In a line-at-angle (G76) command, the number of holes (K) was set to zero or a negative value. Alternatively, I, J, or K was not specified.
4504 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN ARC In an arc (G77) command, the radius (I) or the number of holes (K) was set to zero or a negative value. Alternatively, I, J, K, or P was not specified.
4505 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN GRID In a grid (G78, G79) command, the number of holes (P, K) was set to zero or a negative value. Alternatively, I, J, K, or P was not specified.
4506 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN SHARE PROOFS In a shear proof (G86) command, the tool size (P) was set to zero, or the blanking length (I) was 1.5 times larger than the tool size (P) or less. Alternatively, I, J, or P was not specified.
4507 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN SQUARE In a square (G87) command, the tool size (P,Q) was set to zero or a negative value, or the blanking length (I, J) was three times larger than the tool size (P, Q) or less. Alternatively, I, J, P, or Q was not specified.
4508 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN RADIUS In a radius (G88) command, the traveling pitch (Q) or radius (I) was set to zero or a negative value, or the traveling pitch (Q) was greater than or equal to the arc length. Alternatively, I, J, K, P, or Q was not specified.
4509 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN CUT AT ANGLE In a cut-at-angle (G89) command, the traveling pitch (Q) was set to zero, negative value, or another value larger than or equal to the length (I). Alternatively, I, J, P, or Q was not specified.
4510 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN LINE-PUNCH In a linear punching (G45) command, the traveling distance was set to zero or a value 1.5 times larger than the tool size (P) or less. Alternatively, P was not specified.
4511 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN CIRCLE-PUNCH In a circular punching (G46, G47) command, the same position was specified for both start and end points of the arc, radius (R) of the arc was set to zero, or the pitch (Q) was set to a value exceeding the arc length. Alternatively, R or Q was not specified.
4520 T, M INHIBITED IN NIBBLING-MODE T code, M code, G04, G70 or G75 was specified in the nibbling mode.
4521 EXCESS NIBBLING MOVEMENT (X, Y) In the nibbling mode, the X-axis or Y-axis traveling distance was larger than or equal to the limit (No. 16188 to 16193).
4522 EXCESS NIBBLING MOVEMENT (C) In the circular nibbling (G68) or usual nibbling mode, the C-axis traveling distance was larger than or equal to the limit (No. 16194).
4523 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN CIRCLE-NIBBL In a circular nibbling (G68) command, the traveling pitch (Q) was set to zero, a negative value, or a value larger than or equal to the limit (No. 16186, 16187), or the radius (I) was set to zero or a negative value. Alternatively, I, J, K, P, or Q was not specified.
4524 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN LINE-NIBBL In a linear nibbling (G69) command, the traveling pitch (Q) was set to zero, negative value, or a value larger than or equal to the limit (No. 16186, 16187). Alternatively, I, J, P, or Q was not specified.
4530 A/B MACRO NUMBER ERROR The number for storing and calling by an A or B macro was set to a value beyond the range from 1 to 5.
4531 U/V MACRO FORMAT ERROR An attempt was made to store a macro while storing another macro using a U or V macro. A V macro was specified although the processing to store a macro was not in progress. A U macro number and V macro number do not correspond with each other.
4532 IMPROPER U/V MACRO NUMBER The number of an inhibited macro (number beyond the range from 01 to 99) was specified in a U or V macro command.
4533 U/V MACRO MEMORY OVERFLOW An attempt was made to store too many macros with a U or V macro command.
4534 W MACRO NUMBER NOT FOUND Macro number W specified in a U or V macro command is not stored.
4535 U/V MACRO NESTING ERROR An attempt was made to call a macro which is defined three times or more using a U or V macro command. An attempt was made to store 15 or more macros in the storage area for macros of number 90 to 99.
4536 NO W, Q COMMAND IN MULTI-PIECE W or Q was not specified in the command for taking multiple workpieces (G73, G74).
4537 ILLEGAL Q VALUE IN MULTI-PIECE In the command for taking multiple workpieces (G73, G74), Q is set to a value beyond the range from 1 to 4.
4538 W NO. NOT FOUND IN MULTI-PIECE Macro number W specified in the command for taking multiple workpieces (G73, G74) is not stored.
4539 MULTI-PIECE SETTING IS ZERO The command for taking multiple workpieces (G73, G74) was specified although zero is specified for the function to take multiple workpieces (No. 16206 or signals MLP1 and MLP2 (PMC address G231, #0 and #1)).
4540 MULTI-PIECE COMMAND WITHIN MACRO The command for taking multiple workpieces (G73, G74) was specified when a U or V macro was being stored.
4542 MULTI-PIECE COMMAND ERROR Although G98P0 was specified, the G73 command was issued. Although G98K0 was specified, the G74 command was issued.
4543 MULTI-PIECE Q COMMAND ERROR Although G98P0 was specified, the Q value for the G74 command was not 1 or 3. Although G98K0 was specified, the Q value for the G73 command was not 1 or 2.
4544 MULTI-PIECE RESTART ERROR In the command for resuming taking multiple workpieces, the resume position (P) is set to a value beyond the range from 1 to total number of workpieces to be machined.
4549 ILLEGAL TOOL DATA FORMAT The quantity of tool data patterns to be saved is too large to fit the usable area (16 KB).
4600 T, C COMMAND IN INTERPOLATION In the linear interpolation (G01) mode or circular interpolation (G02, G03) mode, a T command or C-axis command was specified.
4601 INHIBITED T, M COMMAND In the block of G52, G72, G73, or G74, a T or M command was specified.
4602 ILLEGAL T-CODE The specified T command is not cataloged on the tool register screen.
4603 C AXIS SYNCHRONOUS ERROR The difference between the position deviation value of C1 axis and C2 axis exceeds the parameter value (No. 16364, 16365) with the C–axis synchronous control function.
4604 ILLEGAL AXIS OPERATION A C-axis command was specified in the block containing a T command for multiple tools.
4605 NEED ZRN C–axis synchronization failed.
4630 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN LASER MODE In the laser mode, a nibbling command or pattern command was specified. In the tracing mode, an attempt was made to make a switch to the punching mode.
4650 IMPROPER G-CODE IN OFFSET MODE In the cutter compensation mode, an inhibited G code (pattern command, G73, G74, G75, etc.) was specified.
4700 PROGRAM ERROR (OT +) The value specified in the X-axis move command exceeded the positive value of stored stroke limit 1. (Advance check)
4701 PROGRAM ERROR (OT –) The value specified in the X-axis move command exceeded the negative value of stored stroke limit 1. (Advance check)
4702 PROGRAM ERROR (OT +) The value specified in the Y-axis move command exceeded the positive value of stored stroke limit 1. (Advance check)
4703 PROGRAM ERROR (OT –) The value specified in the Y-axis move command exceeded the negative value of stored stroke limit 1. (Advance check)
4704 PROGRAM ERROR (OT +) The value specified in the Z-axis move command exceeded the positive value of stored stroke limit 1. (Advance check)
4705 PROGRAM ERROR (OT –) The value specified in the Z-axis move command exceeded the negative value of stored stroke limit 1. (Advance check)
5000 ILLEGAL COMMAND CODE The specified code was incorrect in the high–precision contour control (HPCC) mode.
5003 ILLEGAL PARAMETER There is an invalid parameter.
5004 HPCC NOT READY (M series) High–precision contour control is not ready.
5006 TOO MANY WORD IN ONE BLOCK The number of words specified in a block exceeded 26 in the HPCC mode.
5007 TOO LARGE DISTANCE In the HPCC mode, the machine moved beyond the limit.
5009 PARAMETER ZERO The maximum feedrate (parameter No. 1422) or the feedrate in dry run (parameter No. 1410) is 0 in the HPCC model.
5010 END OF RECORD The end of record (%) was specified. I/O is incorrect. modify the program.
5012 G05 P10000 ILLEGAL START UP Function category: High–precision contour control;Alarm details: G05 P10000 has been specified in a mode from which the system cannot enter HPCC mode.
5013 HPCC: CRC OFS REMAIN AT CANCEL G05P0 has been specified in G41/G42 mode or with offset remaining
5014 TRACE DATA NOT FOUND M series;Transfer cannot be performed because no trace data exists.
5018 POLYGON SPINDLE SPEED ERROR Function category: Polygon turning;Alarm details: In G51.2 mode, the speed of the spindle or polygon synchronous axis either exceeds the clamp value or is too small. The specified rotation speed ratio thus cannot be maintained.
5020 PARAMETER OF RESTART ERROR An erroneous parameter was specified for restarting a program. A parameter for program restart is invalid.
5030 ILLEGAL COMMAND (G100) T series;The end command (G110) was specified before the registratioin start command (G101, G102, or G103) was specified for the B–axis.
5031 ILLEGAL COMMAND (G100, G102, G103) T series;While a registration start command (G101, G102, or G103) was being executed, another registration start command was specified for the B–axis.
5032 NEW PRG REGISTERED IN B–AXS MOVE T series;While the machine was moving about the B–axis, at attempt was made to register another move command.
5033 NO PROG SPACE IN MEMORY B–AXS T series;Commands for movement about the B–axis were not registered because of insufficient program memory
5034 PLURAL COMMAND IN G110 T series;Multiple movements were specified with the G110 code for the B–axis.
5035 NO FEEDRATE COMMANDED B–AXS T series;A feedrate was not specified for cutting feed about the B–axis.
5036 ADDRESS R NOT DEFINED IN G81–G86 T series;Point R was not specified for the canned cycle for the B–axis.
5037 ADDRESS Q NOT DEFINED IN G83 T series;Depth of cut Q was not specified for the G83 code (peck drilling cycle). Alternatively, 0 was specified in Q for the B–axis.
5038 TOO MANY START M–CODE COMMAND T series;More than six M codes for starting movement about the B–axis were specified.
5039 START UNREGISTERED B–AXS PROG T series;An attempt was made to execute a program for the B–axis which had not been registered.
5040 CAN NOT COMMANDED B–AXS MOVE T series;The machine could not move about the B–axis because parameter No.8250 was incorrectly specified, or because the PMC axis system could not be used.
5041 CAN NOT COMMANDED G110 BLOCK T series;Blocks containing the G110 codes were successively specified in tool– tip radius compensation for the B–axis.
5044 G68 FORMAT ERROR M series;A G68 command block contains a format error. This alarm is issued in the following cases;1. I, J, or K is missing from a G68 command block (missing coordinate rotation option).;2. I, J, and K are 0 in a G68 command block.;3. R is missing from a G68 command block.
5046 ILLEGAL PARAMETER (ST.COMP) The parameter settings for straightness compensation contain an error. Possible causes are as follows;1. A parameter for a movement axis or compensation axis contains an axis number which is not used.;2. More than 128 pitch error compensation points exist between the negative and positive end points.;3. Compensation point numbers for straightness compensation are not assigned in the correct order.;4. No straightness compensation point exists between the pitch error compensation points at the negative and positive ends.;5. The compensation value for each compensation point is too large or too small.
5050 ILL–COMMAND IN CHOPPING MODE A command for switching the major axis has been specified for circular threading. Alternatively, a command for setting the length of the major axis to 0 has been specified for circular threading.
5051 M–NET CODE ERROR Abnormal character received (other than code used for transmission)
5052 M–NET ETX ERROR Abnormal ETX code
5053 M–NET CONNECT ERROR Connection time monitoring error (parameter No. 175)
5054 M–NET RECEIVE ERROR Polling time monitoring error (parameter No. 176)
5055 M–NET PRT/FRT ERROR Vertical parity or framing error
5057 M–NET BOARD SYSTEM DOWN Transmission timeout error (parameter No. 177) ROM parity error CPU interrupt other than the above
5058 G35/G36 FORMAT ERROR A command for switching the major axis has been specified for circular threading. Alternatively, a command for setting the length of the major axis to 0 has been specified for circular threading.
5059 RADIUS IS OUT OF RANGE A radius exceeding nine digits has been specified for circular interpolation with the center of the arc specified with I, J, and K.
5060 ILLEGAL PARAMETER IN G02.3/G03.3 There is a parameter setting error. Parameter No. 5641 (setting of the linear axis) is not set. The axis set in parameter No. 5641 is not a linear axis. Parameter No. 5642 (setting of a rotation axis) is not set. The axis set in parameter No. 5642 is not a rotation axis. The linear and rotation axes cannot be controlled by the CNC. (The value set in parameter No. 1010 is exceeded.)
5061 ILLEGAL FORMAT IN G02.3/G03.3 The exponential interpolation command (G02.3/G03.3) has a format error. Address I, J, or K is not specified. The value of address I, J, or K is 0.
5062 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN G02.3/G03.3 The value specified in an exponential interpolation command (G02.3/03.3) is illegal. A value that does not allow exponential interpolation is specified. (For example, a negative value is specified in In.)
5063 IS NOT PRESET AFTER REF. Function category: Workpiece thickness measurement Alarm details The position counter was not preset before the start of workpiece thickness measurement. This alarm is issued in the following cases;(1) An attempt has been made to start measurement without first establishing the origin.;(2) An attempt has been made to start measurement without first presetting the position counter after manual return to the origin.
5064 DIFFERRENT AXIS UNIT (IS–B, IS–C) Circular interpolation has been specified on a plane consisting of axes having different increment systems.
5065 DIFFERENT AXIS UNIT (PMC AXIS) Axes having different increment systems have been specified in the same DI/DO group for PMC axis control. Modify the setting of parameter No. 8010.
5067 (HPCC) HPCC mode cannot be canceled during G51 (scaling) or G68 (coordinate system rotation). Correct the program.
5068 G31 FORMAT ERROR The continuous high–speed skip command (G31 P90) has one of the following errors;1. The axis along which the tool is moved is not specified.;2. More than one axis is specified as the axis along which the tool is moved.
5069 WHL–C:ILLEGA P–DATA The P data in selection of the grinding–wheel wear compensation center is illegal.
5073 NO DECIMAL POINT A decimal point is not specified for a command for which a decimal point must be specified.
5074 ADDRESS DUPLICATION ERROR The same address has been specified two or more times in a single block. Alternatively, two or more G codes in the same group have been specified in a single block.
5082 DATA SERVER ERROR This alarm is detailed on the data server message screen.
5085 SMOOTH IPL ERROR 1 A block for specifying smooth interpolation contains a syntax error.
5096 MISMATCH WAITING M–CODE Different wait codes (M codes) were specified in HEAD1 and HEAD2. Correct the program.
5110 IMPROPER G–CODE An illegal G code was specified in look–ahead control mode (multi blocks are read in advance). A command was specified for the index table indexing axis in look– ahead control mode (multi blocks are read in advance).
5111 IMPROPER MODAL G–CODE M series;An illegal G code is left modal when look–ahead control mode was specified.
5112 G08 CAN NOT BE COMMANDED M series;Look–ahead control (G08) was specified in look–ahead control mode (multi blocks are read in advance).
5113 CAN NOT ERROR IN MDI MODE Look–ahead control (multi blocks are read in advance) (G05.1) was specified in MDI mode.
5114 NOT STOP POSITION (G05.1 Q1) At the time of restart after manual intervention, the coordinates at which the manual intervention occurred have not been restored.
5115 SPL: ERROR There is an error in the specification of the rank. No knot is specified. The knot specification has an error. The number of axes exceeds the limits. Other program errors
5116 SPL: ERROR There is a program error in a block under look–ahead control. Monotone increasing of knots is not observed. In NURBS interpolation mode, a mode that cannot be used together is specified.
5117 SPL: ERROR The first control point of NURBS is incorrect.
5118 SPL: ERROR After manual intervention with manual absolute mode set to on, NURBS interpolation was restarted.
5122 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN SPIRAL A spiral interpolation or conical interpolation command has an error. Specifically, this error is caused by one of the following;1) L = 0 is specified.;2) Q = 0 is specified.;3) R/, R/, C is specified.;4) Zero is specified as height increment.;5) Three or more axes are specified as the height axes.;6) A height increment is specified when there are two height axes.;7) Conical interpolation is specified when the helical interpolation function is not selected.;8) Q 0 is specified when radius difference 0.;9) Q 0 is specified when radius difference 0.;10) A height increment is specified when no height axis is specified.
5123 OVER TOLERANCE OF END POINT The difference between a specified end point and the calculated end point exceeds the allowable range (parameter 3471).
5124 CAN NOT COMMAND SPIRAL A spiral interpolation or conical interpolation was specified in any of the following modes;1) Scaling;2) Programmable mirror image;3) Polar coordinate interpolation In cutter compensation C mode, the center is set as the start point or end point.
5134 FSSB: OPEN READY TIME OUT Initialization did not place FSSB in the open ready state.
5135 FSSB: ERROR MODE FSSB has entered error mode.
5136 FSSB: NUMBER OF AMPS IS SMALL In comparison with the number of controlled axes, the number of amplifiers recognized by FSSB is not enough.
5137 FSSB: CONFIGURATION ERROR FSSB detected a configuration error.
5138 FSSB: AXIS SETTING NOT COMPLETE In automatic setting mode, axis setting has not been made yet. Perform axis setting on the FSSB setting screen.
5139 FSSB: ERROR Servo initialization did not terminate normally. The optical cable may be defective, or there may be an error in connection to the amplifier or another module. Check the optical cable and the connection status.
5155 NOT RESTART PROGRAM BY G05 During servo leaning control by G05, an attempt was made to perform restart operation after feed hold or interlock. This restart operation cannot be performed. (G05 leaning control terminates at the same time.)
5156 ILLEGAL AXIS OPERATION In look–ahead control mode (multi blocks are read in advance), the controlled axis selection signal (PMC axis control) changes. In look–achead control mode (multi blocks are read in advance), the simple synchronous axis selection signal changes.
5157 PARAMETER ZERO Zero is set in the parameter for the maximum cutting feedrate (parameter No. 1422 or 1432). Zero is set in the parameter for the acceleration/deceleration before interpolation (parameter No. 1770 or 1771). Set the parameter correctly.
5195 DIRECTION CAN NOT BE JUDGED When the touch sensor with a single contact signal input is used in the direct input B function for tool offset measurement values, the stored pulse direction is not constant. One of the following conditions exists;· The stop state exists in offset write mode.;· Servo off state;· The direction varies.;· Movement takes place simultaneously along two axes.
5196 ILLEGAL OPERATION (HPCC) Detach operation was performed in HPCC mode. (If detach operation is performed in HPCC mode, this alarm is issued after the currently executed block terminates.)
5197 FSSB: OPEN TIME OUT The CNC permitted FSSB to open, but FSSB was not opened.
5198 FSSB: ID DATA NOT READ Temporary assignment failed, so amplifier initial ID information could not be read.
5199 FINE TORQUE SENSING PARAMETER A parameter related to the fine torque sensing function is illegal.;· The storage interval is invalid.;· An invalid axis number is set as the target axis. Correct the parameter.
5212 SCREEN COPY: PARAMETER ERROR There is a parameter setting error. Check that 4 is set as the I/O channel.
5213 SCREEN COPY: COMMUNICATION ERROR The memory card cannot be used. Check the memory card. (Check whether the memory card is write–protected or defective.)
5214 SCREEN COPY: DATA TRANSFER ERROR Data transfer to the memory card failed. Check whether the memory card space is insufficient and whether the memory card was removed during data transfer.
5218 ILLEGAL PARAMETER (INCL. COMP) There is an inclination compensation parameter setting error. Cause;1. The number of pitch error compensation points between the negative (–) end and positive (+) end exceeds 128.;2. The relationship in magnitude among the inclination compensation point numbers is incorrect.;3. An inclination compensation point is not located between the negative (–) end and positive (+) end of the pitch error compensation points.;4. The amount of compensation per compensation point is too large or too small. Correct the parameter.
5219 CAN NOT RETURN Manual intervention or return is not allowed during three–dimensional coordinate conversion.
5220 REFERENCE POINT ADJUSTMENT MODE A parameter for automatically set a reference position is set. (Bit 2 of parameter No. 1819 = 1) Perform automatic setting. (Position the machine at the reference position manually, then perform manual reference position return.) Supplementary: Automatic setting sets bit 2 of parameter No. 1819 to 0.
5222 SRAM CORRECTABLE ERROR The SRAM correctable error cannot be corrected. Cause: A memory problem occurred during memory initialization. Action: Replace the master printed circuit board (SRAM module).
5227 FILE NOT FOUND A specified file is not found during communication with the built–in Handy File.
5228 SAME NAME USED There are duplicate file names in the built–in Handy File.
5229 WRITE PROTECTED A floppy disk in the built–in Handy File is write protected.
5231 TOO MANY FILES The number of files exceeds the limit during communication with the built–in Handy File.
5232 DATA OVER–FLOW There is not enough floppy disk space in the built–in Handy File.
5235 COMMUNICATION ERROR A communication error occurred during communication with the built–in Handy File.
5237 READ ERROR A floppy disk in the built–in Handy File cannot be read from. The floppy disk may be defective, or the head may be dirty. Alternatively, the Handy File is defective.
5238 WRITE ERROR A floppy disk in the built–in Handy File cannot be written to. The floppy disk may be defective, or the head may be dirty. Alternatively, the Handy File is defective.
5242 ILLEGAL AXIS NUMBER The axis number of the synchronous master axis or slave axis is incorrect. (This alarm is issued when flexible synchronization is turned on.) Alternatively, the axis number of the slave axis is smaller than that of the master axis.
5243 DATA OUT OF RANGE The gear ratio is not set correctly. (This alarm is issued when flexible synchronization is turned on.)
5244 TOO MANY DI ON Even when an M code was encountered in automatic operation mode, the flexible synchronization mode signal was not driven on or off. Check the ladder and M codes.
5245 OTHER AXIS ARE COMMANDED One of the following command conditions was present during flexible synchronization or when flexible synchronization was turned on;1. The synchronous master axis or slave axis is the EGB axis.;2. The synchronous master axis or slave axis is the chopping axis.;3. In reference position return mode
5251 ILLEGAL PARAMETER IN G54.2 A fixture offset parameter (No. 7580 to 7588) is illegal. Correct the parameter.
5252 ILLEGAL P COMMAND IN G54.2 The P value specifying the offset number of a fixture offset is too large. Correct the program.
5257 G41/G42 NOT ALLOWED IN MDI MODE M series;G41/G42 (cutter compensation C: M series) was specified in MDI mode. (Depending on the setting of bit 4 of parameter No. 5008)
5300 SET ALL OFFSET DATAS AGAIN After the inch/metric automatic conversion function (OIM: Bit 0 of parameter No. 5006) for tool offset data is enabled or disabled, all the tool offset data must be reset. This message reminds the operator to reset the data. If this alarm is issued, reset all the tool offset data. Operating the machine without resetting the data will result in a malfunction.
5302 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN G68 MODE A command to set the coordinate system is specified in the coordinate system rotation mode.
5303 TOUCH PANEL ERROR A touch panel error occurred. Cause;1. The touch panel is kept pressed.;2. The touch panel was pressed when power was turned on. Remove the above causes, and turn on the power again.
5306 MODE CHANGE ERROR In a one–touch macro call, mode switching at the time of activation is not performed correctly.
5307 INTERNAL DATA OVER FLOW In the following function, internal data exceeds the allowable range.;1) Improvement of the rotation axis feedrate
5311 FSSB:ILLEGAL CONNECTION A connection related to FSSB is illegal. This alarm is issued when either of the following is found;1. Two axes having adjacent servo axis numbers (parameter No. 1023), odd number and even number, are assigned to amplifiers to which different FSSB systems are connected.;2. The system does not satisfy the requirements for performing HRV control, and use of two pulse modules connected to different FSSB systems having different FSSB current control cycles is specified.
5321 S–COMP. VALUE OVERFLOW The straightness compensation value has exceeded the maximum value of 32767.After this alarm is issued, make a manual reference position return.
5400 SPL:ILLEGAL AXIS COMMAND An axis specified for spline interpolation or smooth interpolation is incorrect. If an axis that is not the spline axis is specified in spline interpolation mode, this alarm is issued. The spline axis is the axis specified in a block containing G06.1 or the next block. For smooth interpolation, the axis specified in G5.1Q2 is incorrect.
5401 SPL:ILLEGAL COMMAND In a G code mode in which specification of G06.1 is not permitted, G06.1 is specified.
5402 SPL:ILLEGAL AXIS MOVING A movement is made along an axis that is not the spline interpolation axis. For example, in three–dimensional tool compensation mode using an offset vector of which components are the X–, Y–, and Z–axes, when two–axis spline interpolation is performed with the two spline axes set to the X– and Y–axes, a movement along the Z–axis occurs, resulting in this alarm.
5403 SPL:CAN NOT MAKE VECTOR Three–dimensional tool compensation vectors cannot be generated.;· When a three–dimensional tool compensation vector is created for the second or subsequent point, that point, previous point, and next point are on the same straight line, and that straight line and the three– dimensional tool compensation vector for the previous point are in parallel.;· When a three–dimensional tool compensation vector is created at the end point of smooth interpolation or spline interpolation, the end point and the point two points before are the same.
5405 ILLEGAL PARAMETER IN G41.2/ G42.2 The parameter setting that determines the relationship between the rotation axis and rotation plane is incorrect.
5406 G41.3/G40 FORMAT ERROR 1) A G41.3 or G40 block contains a move command.;2) A G1.3 block contains a G code or M code for which buffering is suppressed.
5407 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN G41.3 1) A G code that belongs to group 01 except G00 and G01 is specified in G41.3 mode.;2) An offset command (a G code belonging to group 07) is specified in G41.3 mode.;3) The block next to G41.3 (startup) contains no movement.
5408 G41.3 ILLEGAL START_UP 1) In a mode of group 01 except G00 and G01, G41.3 (startup) is specified.;2) At startup, the included angle of the tool direction vector and move direction vector is 0 or 180 degrees.
5409 ILLEGAL PARAMETER IN G41.3 The parameter setting (No. xxxx to xxxx) that determines the relationship between the rotation axis and rotation plane is incorrect.
5411 NURBS:ILLEGAL ORDER The number of steps is specified incorrectly.
5412 NURBS:NO KNOT COMMAND No knot is specified. Alternatively, in NURBS interpolation mode, a block not relating to NURBS interpolation is specified.
5413 NURBS:ILLEGAL AXIS COMMAND An axis not specified with controlled points is specified in the first block.
5414 NURBS:ILLEGAL KNOT The number of blocks containing knots only is insufficient.
5415 NURBS:ILLEGAL CANCEL Although NURBS interpolation is not completed yet, the NURBS interpolation mode is turned off.
5416 NURBS:ILLEGAL MODE A mode that cannot be used with NURBS interpolation mode is specified in NURBS interpolation mode.
5417 NURBS:ILLEGAL MULTI–KNOT As many knots as the number of steps are not specified at the start and end points.
5418 NURBS:ILLEGAL KNOT VALUE Knots do not increase in monotone.
5420 ILLEGAL PARAMETER IN G43.4/ G43.5 A parameter related to pivot tool length compensation is incorrect.
5421 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN G43.4/ G43.5 In pivot tool length compensation (type 2) mode, a rotation axis is specified.
5422 EXCESS VELOCITY IN G43.4/ G43.5 As a result of pivot tool length compensation, an attempt was made to move the tool along an axis at a feedrate exceeding the maximum cutting feedrate.
5425 ILLEGAL OFFSET VALUE The offset number is incorrect.
5430 ILLEGAL COMMAND IN 3–D CIR In a modal state in which three–dimensional circular interpolation cannot be specified, a three–dimensional circular interpolation (G02.4/G03.4) is specified. Alternatively, in three–dimensional circular interpolation mode, a code that cannot be specified is specified.
5432 G02.4/G03.4 FORMAT ERROR A three–dimensional circular interpolation command (G02.4/G03.4) is incorrect.
5433 MANUAL INTERVENTION IN 3–D CIR In three–dimensional circular interpolation mode (G02.4/G03.4), manual intervention was made when the manual absolute switch was on.
5435 PARAMETER OUT OF RANGE Incorrect parameter setting (set value range)
5436 PARAMETER SETTING ERROR 1 Incorrect parameter setting (setting of the rotation axis)
5437 PARAMETER SETTING ERROR 2 Incorrect parameter setting (setting of the tool axis)
5440 ILLEGAL DRILLING AXIS SELECTED The drilling axis specified for the drilling canned cycle is incorrect. The G code command block of the canned cycle does not specify the Z point of the drilling axis. When there is a parallel axis with the drilling axis, the parallel axis is also specified at the same time.
5445 CRC:MOTION IN G39 Corner circular interpolation (G39) of cutter compensation is not specified alone but is specified with a move command.
5446 CRC:NO AVOIDANCE Because there is no interference evade vector, the interference check evade function of cutter compensation cannot evade interference.
5447 CRC:DANGEROUS AVOIDANCE The interference check evade function of cutter compensation determines that an evade operation will lead to danger.
5448 CRC:INTERFERENCE TO AVD. In the interference check evade function of cutter compensation, a further interference occurs for an already created interference evade vector.
5452 IMPROPER G–CODE (5AXIS MODE) A G code that cannot be specified is found. (5–axis mode) This alarm is issued when;1) Three–dimensional cutter compensation (side–face offset and leading– edge offset) is applied during cutter compensation, or cutter compensation is applied during three–dimensional cutter compensation (side–face offset and leading–edge offset).;2) A leading–edge offset of three–dimensional cutter compensation is applied during side–face offsetting of three–dimensional cutter compensation, or a side–face offset of three–dimensional cutter compensation is applied during leading–edge offsetting of three–dimensional cutter compensation.;3) Tool axis direction tool length compensation is applied during tool length compensation, or tool length compensation is applied during tool axis direction tool length compensation.;4) Tool center point control is provided during tool length compensation, or tool length compensation is applied during tool center point control.;5) Tool center point control is provided during tool axis direction tool length compensation, or tool axis direction tool length compensation is applied during tool center point control.;If this alarm is issued, cancel the relevant mode, then specify a different mode.
5453 NOTE: G68 IS CANCELED When bit 2 of parameter No. 5400 is set to 1, and a reset does not cancel G68, this alarm is issued at the time of program restart. To release this alarm, press RESET and CAN. Once this operation is performed, the alarm will not be issued at the next restart.
5455 ILLEGAL ACC. PARAMETER A permissible acceleration parameter for optimum torque acceleration/ deceleration is incorrect. The cause is one of the following;1) The ratio of the deceleration rate to the acceleration rate is below the limit.;2) The time required for deceleration to a speed of 0 exceeds the maximum value.
400 SERVO ALARM: n–TH AXIS OVERLOAD The n–th axis (axis 1–4) overload signal is on. Refer to diagnosis display No. 200, 201 for details.
401 SERVO ALARM: n–TH AXIS VRDY OFF The n–th axis (axis 1–8) servo amplifier READY signal (DRDY) went off. Refer to procedure of trouble shooting.
402 SERVO ALARM: SV CARD NOT EXIST The axis control card is not provided.
403 SERVO ALARM: CARD/SOFT MISMATCH The combination of the axis control card and servo software is illegal.
404 SERVO ALARM: n–TH AXIS VRDY ON Even though the n–th axis (axis 1–8) READY signal (MCON) went off, the servo amplifier READY signal (DRDY) is still on. Or, when the power was turned on, DRDY went on even though MCON was off.  Check that the servo interface module and servo amp are connected.
405 SERVO ALARM: (ZERO POINT RETURN FAULT) Position control system fault. Due to an NC or servo system fault in the reference position return, there is the possibility that reference position return could not be executed correctly. Try again from the manual reference position return.
407 SERVO ALARM: EXCESS ERROR The difference in synchronous axis position deviation exceeded the set value.
409 SERVO ALARM: n AXIS TORQUE ALM Abnormal load has been detected on the servo motor(s). Alternatively, abnormal spindle motor load has been detected in Cs mode.
410 SERVO ALARM: n–TH AXIS – EXCESS ERROR The position deviation value when the n–th axis (axis 1–8) stops is larger than the set value. Refer to procedure of trouble shooting.
411 SERVO ALARM: n–TH AXIS – EXCESS ERROR The position deviation value when the n–th axis (axis 1–8) moves is larger than the set value. Refer to procedure of trouble shooting.
413 SERVO ALARM: n–th AXIS – LSI OVERFLOW The contents of the error register for the n–th axis (axis 1–8) exceeded ±231 power. This error usually occurs as the result of an improperly set parameters.
414 SERVO ALARM: n–TH AXIS – DETECTION RELATED ERROR N–th axis (axis 1–4) digital servo system fault. Refer to diagnosis display No. 200, 201, and No.204 for details.
415 SERVO ALARM: n–TH AXIS – EXCESS SHIFT A speed higher than 524288000 units/s was attempted to be set in the n–th axis (axis 1–8). This error occurs as the result of improperly set CMR.
416 SERVO ALARM: n–TH AXIS – DISCONNECTION Position detection system fault in the n–th axis (axis 1–4) pulse coder (disconnection alarm). Refer to diagnosis display No. 200, 201 for details.
417 SERVO ALARM: n–TH AXIS – PARAMETER INCORRECT  
420 SERVO ALARM: n AXIS SYNC TORQUE  
421 SERVO ALARM: n AXIS EXCESS ER (D)  
422 SERVO ALARM: n AXIS  
423 SERVO ALARM: n AXIS  
430 n AXIS: SV. MOTOR OVERHEAT  
431 n AXIS: CNV. OVERLOAD  
432 n AXIS: CNV. LOW VOLT CONTROL  
433 n AXIS: CNV. LOW VOLT DC LINK  
434 n AXIS: INV. LOW VOLT CONTROL  
435 n AXIS: INV. LOW VOLT DC LINK  
436 n AXIS: SOFTTHERMAL (OVC)  
437 n AXIS: CNV. OVERCURRENT POWER  
438 n AXIS: INV. ABNORMAL CURRENT  
439 n AXIS: CNV. OVER VOLT DC LINK  
440 n AXIS: CNV. EX DECELERATION POW.  
441 n AXIS: ABNORMAL CURRENT OFFSET  
442 n AXIS: CNV. CHARGE FAILURE  
443 n AXIS: CNV. COOLING FAN FAILURE  
444 n AXIS: INV. COOLING FAN FAILURE  
445 n AXIS: SOFT DISCONNECT ALARM  
446 n AXIS: HARD DISCONNECT ALARM  
447 n AXIS: HARD DISCONNECT (EXT)  
448 n AXIS: UNMATCHED FEEDBACK ALARM  
449 n AXIS: INV. IPM ALARM  
453 n AXIS: SPC SOFT DISCONNECT ALARM  
456 n AXIS: ILLEGAL CURRENT LOOP  
457 n AXIS: ILLEGAL HI HRV (250US)  
458 n AXIS: CURRENT LOOP ERROR  
459 n AXIS: HI HRV SETTING ERROR  
460 n AXIS: FSSB DISCONNECT  
461 n AXIS: ILLEGAL AMP INTERFACE  
462 n AXIS: SEND CNC DATA FAILED  
463 n AXIS: SEND SLAVE DATA FAILED  
464 n AXIS: WRITE ID DATA FAILED  
465 n AXIS: READ ID DATA FAILED  
466 n AXIS: MOTOR/AMP COMBINATION  
467 n AXIS: ILLEGAL SETTING OF AXIS  
468 n AXIS: HI HRV SETTING ERROR (AMP)  
360 n AXIS: ABNORMAL CHECKSUM (INT)  
361 n AXIS: ABNORMAL PHASE DATA (INT)  
362 n AXIS: ABNORMAL REV.DATA (INT)  
363 n AXIS: ABNORMAL CLOCK (INT)  
364 n AXIS: SOFT PHASE ALARM (INT)  
365 n AXIS: BROKEN LED (INT)  
366 n AXIS: PULSE MISS (INT)  
367 n AXIS: COUNT MISS (INT)  
368 n AXIS: SERIAL DATA ERROR (INT)  
369 n AXIS: DATA TRANS. ERROR (INT)  
380 n AXIS: BROKEN LED (EXT)  
381 n AXIS: ABNORMAL PHASE (EXT LIN)  
382 n AXIS: COUNT MISS (EXT)  
383 n AXIS: PULSE MISS (EXT)  
384 n AXIS: SOFT PHASE ALARM (EXT)  
385 n AXIS: SERIAL DATA ERROR (EXT)  
386 n AXIS: DATA TRANS. ERROR (EXT)  
387 n AXIS: ABNORMAL ENCODER (EXT)  
500 OVER TRAVEL: +n  
501 OVER TRAVEL: –n  
502 OVER TRAVEL: +n  
503 OVER TRAVEL: –n  
504 OVER TRAVEL: +n  
505 OVER TRAVEL: –n  
506 OVER TRAVEL: +n  
507 OVER TRAVEL: –n  
700 OVERHEAT: CONTROL UNIT  
701 OVERHEAT: FAN MOTOR  
704 OVERHEAT: SPINDLE  
740 RIGID TAP ALARM: EXCESS ERROR  
741 RIGID TAP ALARM: EXCESS ERROR  
742 RIGID TAP ALARM: LSI OVER FLOW  
749 S–SPINDLE LSI ERROR  
750 SPINDLE SERIAL LINK START FAULT  
751 FIRST SPINDLE ALARM DETECTION (AL–XX)  
752 FIRST SPINDLE MODE CHANGE FAULT  
754 SPINDLE–1 ABNORMAL TORQUE ALM  
761 SECOND SPINDLE ALARM DETECTION (AL–XX)  
762 SECOND SPINDLE MODE CHANGE FAULT  
764 SPINDLE–2 ABNORMAL TORQUE ALM  
771 SPINDLE–3 ALARM DETECT (AL–XX)  
772 SPINDLE–3 MODE CHANGE ERROR  
774 SPINDLE–3 ABNORMAL TORQUE ALM  
782 SPINDLE–4 MODE CHANGE ERROR  
784 SPINDLE–4 ABNORMAL TORQUE ALM  
4800 ZONE: PUNCHING INHIBITED 1  
4801 ZONE: PUNCHING INHIBITED 2  
4802 ZONE: PUNCHING INHIBITED 3  
4803 ZONE: PUNCHING INHIBITED 4  
4810 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 1 +X  
4811 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 1 –X  
4812 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 2 +X  
4813 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 2 –X  
4814 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 3 +X  
4815 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 3 –X  
4816 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 4 +X  
4817 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 4 –X  
4830 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 1 +Y  
4831 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 1 –Y  
4832 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 2 +Y  
4833 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 2 –Y  
4834 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 3 +Y  
4835 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 3 –Y  
4836 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 4 +Y  
4837 ZONE: ENTERING INHIBITED 4 –Y  
4870 AUTO SETTING FEED ERROR  
4871 AUTO SETTING PIECES ERROR  
4872 AUTO SETTING COMMAND ERROR  
900 ROM PARITY  
910 SRAM PARITY: (BYTE 0)  
911 SRAM PARITY: (BYTE 1)  
912 DRAM PARITY: (BYTE 0)  
913 DRAM PARITY: (BYTE 1)  
914 DRAM PARITY: (BYTE 2)  
915 DRAM PARITY: (BYTE 3)  
916 DRAM PARITY: (BYTE 4)  
917 DRAM PARITY: (BYTE 5)  
918 DRAM PARITY: (BYTE 6)  
919 DRAM PARITY: (BYTE 7)  
920 SERVO ALARM (1–4 AXIS)  
921 SERVO ALARM (5–8 AXIS)  
926 FSSB ALARM  
930 CPU INTERRUPT  
935 SRAM ECC ERROR  
950 PMC SYSTEM ALARM  
951 PMC WATCH DOG ALARM  
970 NMI OCCURRED IN PMCLSI  
971 NMI OCCURRED IN SLC  
972 NMI OCCURRED IN OTHER MODULE  
973 NON MASK INTERRUPT  
974 F–BUS ERROR  
975 BUS ERROR  
976 L–BUS ERROR  

Encountering an issue with your FANUC system?

Get expert assistance now, to minimize downtime and keep your operations running smoothly. MRO offers a wide range of repair services and replacement parts.

The U.S. States Where You’ll Save the Most Switching from Gas to Electric Vehicles

Main graphic for how much you’ll save driving electric vs gas in every state

Pollution from cars is one of the major causes of global warming. Internal combustion engines drink fossil fuels, which are damaging to mine and toxic to refine, and belch out a cocktail of toxins like carbon monoxide, which fill our lungs and deplete our ozone. However, giving up driving, which is woven deeply into American infrastructure and culture, is easier said than done.

Recognizing that the environmental impact of cars doesn’t start on the road but in the factory, where raw materials are made and assembled, we at MRO Electric are passionate about the exodus from gas to electric vehicles (EVs). Running on electricity alone, EVs eliminate the pollution associated with supplying fuel and burning it. Additionally, they’re much cheaper to own since electricity is far more abundant and accessible than fossil fuels. 

We hope to see consumers embrace a more sustainable product and believe they will be more likely to if they see the personal financial incentive. To that end, we decided to run a study to determine where eco-conscious drivers can save the most by trading in their gas guzzlers for environmentally friendly electric alternatives.

To do so, we determined the average lifetime miles driven in each state and calculated the lifetime cost of gas and electric vehicles using the cost per gallon of gas and the cost of an eGallon in August 2021. (The eGallon measurement describes the cost to drive a comparable electric vehicle the same distance you could cover on a gallon of gasoline.) With the total cost of running both gas and electric vehicles, we subtracted the two in each state to find out where savings are most pronounced.

The results were shocking! Read on to see what we found.

Key Findings

  • No matter where you live, switching to an electric vehicle saves money. While several variables do impact the amount of savings received in each state, all 50 states and the District of Columbia come out ahead after making the switch to electric vehicles.
  • You’ll save the most money in Wyoming at $111,167.00 across 1,480,243.5 miles over 62 years. To put that into perspective, that’s an average annual savings of $1,793.00.
  • You’ll save the least money in Hawaii at $13,624.00 across 753,876 miles over 65 years. Needless to say, Hawaiians are driving less on their island community, which resulted in an average savings of $209.60 per year.
  • The Northeast is where you save the least switching from gas to electric vehicles.
  • The American heartland and midwest regions offer top savings for switching from gas to electric vehicles.
  • Lifetime miles driven was a key factor in the amount saved from switching to electric cars. The top 10 states that saved the most drive anywhere from 861,984 (Nevada) to 1,480,243.5 (Wyoming) lifetime miles while the top 10 states that save the least drive 615,589.8 miles (Rhode Island) to 872,090.25 miles (Maine) over a lifetime.

The U.S. States Where You Can Save the Most with Electric Vehicles

Map showing the states where you can save the most switching from gas to electric vehicles

Wyoming drivers save $111,167 over a lifetime of driving electric vehicles instead of gas, which is more than enough to earn the number one ranking position. As residents of the least populous U.S. state, it’s not surprising that Wyoming drivers put more miles behind them than drivers from any other state—24,069 per year on average. Multiplying that by Wyoming’s 62 average years as a driver, Wyoming residents can expect to drive nearly 1.5 million miles in their lifetimes!

With the twelfth highest cost per gallon of gasoline ($2.84) and the thirteenth lowest eGallon cost ($0.97), it’s no wonder Wyoming was poised to all leave other states in the dust. Following Wyoming’s tracks, North Dakota, Missouri, and Oklahoma can save $84,853, $84,076, and $81,778, respectively, by switching to electric vehicles.

See how the top 10 that save the most by switching to EVs stack up below.

The Top 10 States with the Most Savings

  1. Wyoming
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 1,480,243.50
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.84
    • eGallon Cost: $0.97
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $111,167
  1. North Dakota
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 1,106,204.60
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.76
    • eGallon Cost: $0.85
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $84,853
  1. Missouri
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 1,096,072.78
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.76
    • eGallon Cost: $0.85
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $84,076
  1. Oklahoma
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 1,044,241.00
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.76
    • eGallon Cost: $0.81
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $81,778
  1. Georgia
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 1,083,539.40
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.72
    • eGallon Cost: $0.98
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $75,717
  1. Utah
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 968,198.40
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.84
    • eGallon Cost: $0.93
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: ​​$74,267
  1. Mississippi
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 1,160,024.60
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.60
    • eGallon Cost: $1.02
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $73,608
  1. Minnesota
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 1,151,548.70
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.75
    • eGallon Cost: $1.17
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $73,070
  1. Nevada
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 861,984.00
    • Regular Gas Cost: $3.10
    • eGallon Cost: $1.02
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $72,005
  1. Montana
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 968,680.00
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.84
    • eGallon Cost: $1.00
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $71,581

The U.S. States Where You Can Save the Least with Electric Vehicles

Map displaying the states that save the least when driving electric vehicles instead of gas cars

The states that save the least from adopting clean, electric fuel also had one thing in common—they don’t drive as much as the states that save the most. For example, Hawaii, the number one state that saves the least, has an average of 11,598 miles driven per year. Wyoming, the state that saves the most, doubles Hawaii’s annual driving distance with an impressive 23,874.9 miles per year. Overall, Hawaii pockets just $13,624 across an average 65-year driving career.

This trend is seen throughout the rankings, making it clear why some states save more than others. Many of the states on the bottom end of the ranking are known for their dense, tightly packed metropolitan areas where residents have less distance to cover and therefore less saving potential when switching over to electric vehicles. They are perhaps the most important converts for the environment however, with cities being the least efficient environment for internal combustion engines.

In addition, the states on the low end of our ranking pay more per eGallon, further closing the cost gap between running gas and electric vehicles. Hawaii pays the most per eGallon at $2.65, which is more than the amount five states pay for regular gas. After Hawaii, Rhode Island ($2.05), Alaska ($1.99), and Massachusetts ($1.96) pay the highest cost per eGallon and are all in the top five states that save the least by switching to electric vehicles.

See how the top 10 states that save the least by switching to electric compare.

The Top 10 States with the Least Savings

  1. Hawaii
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 753,876.00
    • Regular Gas Cost: $3.10
    • eGallon Cost: $2.65
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $13,624
  1. Rhode Island
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 615,589.80
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.76
    • eGallon Cost: $2.05
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $17,553
  1. Massachusetts
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 811,447.10
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.74
    • eGallon Cost: $1.96
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $17,553
  1. Connecticut
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 758,524.20
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.76
    • eGallon Cost: $1.85
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $27,721
  1. Alaska
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 682,215.40
    • Regular Gas Cost: $3.10
    • eGallon Cost: $1.99
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $30,412
  1. New York
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 647,637.90
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.83
    • eGallon Cost: $1.66
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $30,431
  1. New Hampshire
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 724,282.00
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.76
    • eGallon Cost: $1.70
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $30,833
  1. Vermont
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 824,453.60
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.76
    • eGallon Cost: $1.73
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $34,104
  1. Michigan
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 867,004.20
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.76
    • eGallon Cost: $1.50
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $43,873
  1. Maine
    • Lifetime Miles Driven: 872,090.25
    • Regular Gas Cost: $2.76
    • eGallon Cost: $1.50
    • Lifetime Fuel Cost Savings: $44,130

Follow the Money

The following interactive line chart animates the increase in savings over time for every state. How does your state stack up? Mouse over each line for more details and click “replay” to watch the race again.

Final Thoughts

A major trend percolating throughout the rankings is that driving more equates to saving more. This makes sense because the magnitude of savings from electricity as an alternative fuel is tied to each mile driven. The more you drive and don’t pay for gas, the more you save.

Savings are also affected by total years as a driver, cost of gasoline, and cost of electricity. But  of these three variables, the cost of electricity had the largest effect on potential savings. Interestingly, there was a roughly inverse relationship between the number of miles driven and the cost of an eGallon, meaning the states that drive less also pay more for electricity.

Notably, every state saved money by switching to electric vehicles. Whether saving $209.60 per year in Hawaii or $1,793.02 per year in Wyoming, electric vehicles are beneficial for the environment and lighter on consumer wallets. There isn’t anything we can do to completely reverse the effects of global warming, but we can correct our course by adopting cleaner fuel sources.

At MRO Electric, we know the environmental impact of each vehicle begins in the factory, and we are committed to increasing manufacturing efficiency through factory automation. Whether your factory contributes to the EV industry or not, we have the parts you need to automate outdated processes and the know-how to repair malfunctioning equipment fast.

Methodology

MRO Electric collected life expectancy and legal driving age from World Population Review and subtracted the two to determine average years as a driver in each state. 

The average miles driven in each state was collected from the Department of Transportation and the national average fuel efficiency was collected from the Environmental Protection Agency. Using these figures, MRO Electric determined the average number of gallons consumed over a lifetime of driving in each state.

This was multiplied by the average cost of gas and eGallon cost per state (collected from the Department of Energy) to determine the total cost of driving a gas and an electric vehicle in each state.  Finally, we subtracted these two cost numbers to arrive at the lifetime savings from switching from gas to electric vehicles in each state.

Because gas prices can fluctuate seasonally, it is important to note that all data was collected in July, 2021.

Determining Encoder Selection

What is the role of the encoder?

For any motion control process to work, a sensing device is needed to provide reliable feedback sensing. The encoder is the part of the machinery that furnishes feedback information. How does the encoder work? The encoder receives a motion signal and converts this signal into an electrical signal that can be read by some sort of motion control system, like a PLC. The motion control system then uses the signal to control conditions such as speed, direction, and position on your machinery.  This process is consistent in any application: The exchange of information between the machine and the controller through the encoder signaling generates the exact performance function.

“The core function of the encoder is to provide information about the motion of the moving parts in your system.”

Adam Gross, Lead Technician, MRO Electric

Selection requirements

What do you need to know when choosing an encoder that is right for your application? There are a couple of fundamental points when selecting which encoder is correct for the job. 

When selecting an encoder, one thing you will need to determine is the application control specifications. Applications can range from very simple machine applications to complicated machinery. Some applications are simple and require simple position or speed control with a low degree of accuracy needed, while more sophisticated machinery may need a higher level of feedback. Knowing the application of the encoder is vital in the selection process.

Another thing to consider is the encoder properties. Typically, this involves the number of rectangular pulses per motor revolution. A pulse number is delivered by two channels. The two channels have a phase shift of one-quarter of a pulse length, sometimes referred to as quadcounts. In this way, motor rotation direction can be detected using the four distinct states per single pulse. These four pulses represent the real resolution. For instance, if an encoder has 2,000 counts per pulse term; it gives 8,000 states per turn, which determines a nominal resolution of 360/8000=0.045°. Encoders detect motion encompassing a wide range of counts per turn. That means you must decide whether your application requires a simple encoder with fewer CPT or a more complex encoder that can detect an extremely accurate position or speed. 

Other factors can impact resolution. The mechanical layout is a consideration for encoder resolution as well as other influences like analog or digital signals. Underlying physical foundations like optical, magnetic, or inductive principles can also play a part in encoder resolution. 

Exposure to specific environmental elements factors into selection consideration as well. The encoder may require a shield if it is in an environment where it is likely to be exposed to conditions such as dust, moisture, or corrosive chemicals. Encoders are susceptible to environmental extremes such as temperature, shock, or vibration.

Encoder Types

A simple approach to guide your determination in encoder options is to characterize the type of movement the encoder is monitoring. There are three commonly used encoders: Linear, rotary, and angle encoders.

 The linear encoder is an encoder that senses the movement of linear objects to encode position.  A scale is determined that allows the sensor to convert the encoded position into a signal that could be analog or digital. The signal can then be decoded into a position by a motion control system. Machining tools use the linear encoder to coordinate measuring machines, such as a cut length application. In cut-length applications, the control device and encoder determine how much of a particular item, such as cloth material, is fed through the machinery, measuring where to cut. Sometimes a cable is run between an encoder and a moving object, using a transducer to produce an analog or digital output signal to establish the movement or position of the object.

For rotating objects, a rotary encoder is used. Providing feedback about the movement of a rotating object or device, a rotary encoder converts the angular position of the moving shaft into an analog or digital output signal. This signal is used to allow a control system to determine the position or speed of the shaft. Rotary encoders can be mounted directly to a motor or any machinery with a rotating shaft and are sometimes called shaft encoders. The two main types of rotary encoders are the absolute encoder and the incremental encoder.  What is the difference between the two? The difference is in the output.

The absolute encoder indicates the current shaft position, while the incremental encoder provides information about the motion of the shaft. The Absolute encoder is an angle transducer, whereas the incremental encoder typically processes information such as speed, position, and distance. Applications for the rotary encoder involve such things as robotics and industrial controls, which require monitoring and/or control.

Angle encoders are like rotary encoders; however, they are more apt to offer higher accuracy. It measures the angular position of a rotating shaft. A disc-shaped rotator uses an optical grating that operates with an optoelectric sensor on the stator. Because optical technology is dependent on the tightly constrained rotation of the rotor in relation to a stator, an angle encoder is used to keep the two parts concentric using bearings.

Encoders have the potential to elevate performance and increase productivity through their sensing technology. Selection consideration includes many aspects, some of which are presented above. For a closer look at the encoders offered at MRO Electric, please visit our website, or give us a call.